UNIT 3: BECOMING INDEPENDENT

B.GRAMMAR

1.To-infinitives after adjectives

Form 1: Noun/ Pronoun + linking verb + adjective + to -infinitive

Chúng ta dùng động từ nguyên mẫu có "to" sau một số tính từ để miêu tả cảm xúc của ai đó liên quan

đến hành động được diễn tả, tức là "ai đó thấy thế nào khi làm gì đó".

Các tính từ được sử dụng trong cấu trúc này là:

afraid                content glad                  sad                   sorry

amazed             delighted                      grateful             shocked

anxious             determined                   happy               lucky    

ashamed           disappointed                 pleased             surprised

bound               careful                          eager                eligible                          proud

ready                terrified                         certain              frightened                     reluctant

ü  I am afraid to go out alone.

ü  The boy is lucky to be born in a rich family.

ü  They are happy to see their old friends again.

Những động từ "to hear, to see, to learn, to discover, to find" thường được sử dụng sau một số tính từ như "glad, happy, delighted, disappointed, surprised, sorry".

ü  She is glad to hear that news.

ü  They are surprised to learn that their daughter had quit her job.

Form 2: It + linking verb + adjective (+ for somebody) + to -infinitive

Chúng ta có thể sử dụng cấu trúc với chủ ngữ "it" để đưa ra bình luận, đánh giá tính chất của hành động.

Các tính từ được sử dụng trong cấu trúc này là: easy, difficult, hard, interesting, boring, nice, great, good, possible, impossible, likely, important, necessary, unreasonable.

ü  It is impossible for me to finish the report on time.

ü  It was necessary to go there.

Form 3: It + linking verb + adjective + of somebody + to -infinitive

Các tính từ được sử dụng trong cấu trúc này với giới từ "of" là các tính từ miêu tả cách cư xử hoặc khả năng của ai đó: right, wrong, nice, kind, clever, intelligent, silly, stupid.

ü  It is kind of you to help me.

ü  It was silly of her to spend all her money.

2.To-infinitives after nouns

Form 1: Noun + to -infinitive

Chúng ta dùng động từ nguyên mẫu có "to" sau 1 số danh từ trừu tượng để nói về những hành động mà chúng liên quan.

Các danh từ thường gặp trong dạng này là:

ability                chance              failure               permission                    reminder

advice               choice               goal                  plan                              request

agreement        decision            intention            preparation                   requirement

ambition           demand            motivation         promise                                    suggestion

anxiety              desire               need                 proposal                       tendency

appeal              determination    offer                 recommendation           way

arrangement     dream               opportunity       refusal                          willingness

attempt             eagerness         order                reluctance                     wish

ü  My decision to close the company was a difficult one to make.

ü  They gave me an opportunity to escape.

ü  I have a desire to live abroad.

Lưu ý: Sau danh từ "way" ta có thể dùng "of V-ing" hoặc "to infinitive"

ü  There is noway of stopping/to stop him from talking in class.

Form 2: It + linking verb + noun phrase (+ for somebody) + to -infinitive E.g:

ü  It is a difficult question to answer.

ü  It would be a pity for us to lose such a good player.

Ngoài ra, ta có thể dùng cụm danh từ (noun phrase + to infinitive) để diễn tả sự cần thiết hoặc khả năng

làm gì.

ü  There is a lot of work to do on the farm. (= There is a lot of work that we need to do on the farm.)

ü  Let's get something to eat. (= Let's get something that we can eat.)

Bài 1: Fill in the blanks with the suitable words from the box.

delighted         shocked            bound              about               hesitant                        sorry

1.     He was very __________________ to go back there after what had happened.

2.     I'm __________________ to have to say this, but we're going to have to let you go.

3.     She was __________________ to hear the news of his death. He was so young!

4.     He was__________________   to learn that he had been promoted.

5.     You're__________________ to do well because you are intelligent.

6.     They're__________________ to have a baby. It's due any day now.

Bài 2: Fill in the blanks with the suitable words from the box.

ashamed          motivated        happy               astonished       likely

lucky                keen                 proud               ready                determined

1.     I'm __________________ to be able to give you the good news that you've all passed.

2.     She was so __________________ to get this job. It's really great.

3.     Linda is really__________________      to be the mother of such a successful young man.

4.     Is everybody __________________      to go? The bus is waiting outside.

5.     Sarah is very __________________      to win this race. Her practice times were excellent.

6.     She may have messed this one up, but she's __________________to do better next time.

7.     He was __________________to discover that women didn't always fall for his smarmy charm.

8.     He's __________________to go back there after what he did and said.

9.     He's very __________________to go in for this competition. He thinks he has a good chance.

10.   My cousin doesn't seem to be__________________      to do anything with his life.

Bài 3: Fill in the blanks with the suitable words from the box.

fortunate                      reluctant                      relieved                        upset

surprised                      afraid                           eager                            careful             

1.     He was very __________________not to say anything about the divorce to his mother.

2.     She was rather __________________   to hear I had broken her favourite vase.

3.     She's very __________________to move to another city when she has so many friends here.

4.     He was very __________________       to find out that he didn't have to go to court.

5.     We were very__________________      to see him at the hotel with his secretary.

6.     She was __________________to start work as soon as possible.

7.     I was very __________________to have had parents who gave me a lot of encouragement.

8.     I'm __________________to go in there; you know what he's like.

Bài 4: Fill in the blanks with the suitable words from the box.

unhappy           ashamed          able                  due                  angry               unable

1.     Mark was very__________________    to discover that his wife was having an affair.

2.     They were very __________________   to learn that their daughter was in trouble.

3.     The report is __________________      to be published next week.

4.     It's great! We were __________________         to find a real holiday bargain.

5.     I am__________________       to say that I can't remember your name.

6.     We regret we are__________________to extend your overdraft.

Bài 5: Fill in the blanks with "for" or "of".

1.     It was really stupid __________________          you to get involved.

2.     It's unusual__________________          him to behave in this way.

3.     It was necessary__________________ us to solve this question as soon as possible.

4.     It is wrong __________________         him to get so angry over such a little thing.

5.     Isn't it possible__________________    you to arrive on time occasionally?

6.     It's hard __________________her to make a living from her business.

7.     It was so clever__________________ you to think of doing it like that.

8.     It was important __________________him to realise how serious this was.

9.     It was right __________________         her to complain. I'd have done the same.

10.   It is so kind __________________        you to look after the children for the afternoon.

Bài 6: Complete the sentences using the given phrases in the box.

desire to get                 decision to drop                       plan to move

offer to help                 opportunity to improve

1.     We were surprised at his __________________US with the project.

2.     Her__________________        out of school is a difficult one to make.

3.     Studying in the USA gives you an __________________your English skills.

4.     It was his __________________a good job that motivated him to study Chinese.

5.     Susan's__________________   to California made her parents angry.

Bài 7: Rewrite the sentences, using the nouns in brackets and a to -infinitive phrase.

1.I know how to deal with the problem. (way)

I know _________________________________________________________________________________________

2.It's surprising that Mai can speak five foreign languages. (ability)

Mai's _________________________________________________________________________________________            .

3.The students were not allowed to use materials in the examination room. (permission)

The students couldn't _________________________________________________________________________________________ .

4.He tried very hard to overcome difficulties and that makes us surprised. (effort)

His _________________________________________________________________________________________   .

5.We didn't know that Mark was going to change his job. (plan)

We didn't know _________________________________________________________________________________________         .

6.That she decided to participate in the contest surprised all of us. (decision)

Her_________________________________________________________________________________________ .

Bài 8: Choose the best answer

1.    I was not allowed to stay outside overnight.

A.     I didn't have to stay outside overnight.

B.     I had no permission to stay outside overnight.

2.    Don't expect that everyone will agree with you. That is unreasonable.

A.     Everyone is reasonable to agree with you.

B.     It is unreasonable to expect that everyone will agree with you.

3.    Watch this film. It is very useful.

A.     It is very useful to watch this film.

B.     Watch this film is very useful.

4.    My sister is able to solve every problem quickly.

A.     My sister has the ability to solve every problem quickly.

B.     It is hard for my sister to solve every problem quickly.

5.    We can't find a suitable candidate for this position. That is difficult.

A.     It is difficult for US to find a suitable candidate for this position.

B.     It was difficult for US to find a suitable candidate for this position.

6.    She has determination to achieve the goal.

A.     It was her determination that helped her achieve the goal.

B.     She is determined to achieve the goal.

7.    I don't know how to use this washing machine.

A.     I don't know the way how to use this machine.

B.     I don't know the way to use this washing machine.

8.    Don't touch that button. It is dangerous.

A.     It is dangerous not to touch that button.

B.     It is dangerous to touch that button.

Bài 10: Fill in the blank with the correct form of the given words (use n/adj+ to V)

1.     I am _____________________ the result of the exam too late, (disappointment, receive)

2.     It is important for you_____________________  confidence in yourself, (having)

3.     Her _____________________    the secret causes a lot of trouble for her. (fail, kept)

4.     It was her _____________________       abroad that inspires her to study hard, (motivate, lived)

5.     Mary is_____________________ one of the most excellent students in her class, (happiness, became)

6.     It is _____________________    (luck, have) good friends.

7.     Her competitor is not good, which increases her _____________________the champion, (chance, became)

8.     It is rude of him _____________________when his mouth is full of food, (speaker)

Bài 11: Rewrite the following sentences using "noun/ adj + to V" and the given words in brackets.

1.Lan is excited that she wins the first prize in the competition. (excited)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2.My wife was very surprised when she heard that I had won a lottery. (surprised)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

3.I was very happy that I met my old friends again. (happy)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

4.He is determined that he can find the best solution to this problem. (determined)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5.The room needs cleaning by Ms. Brown this afternoon. (necessary)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

6.She finds it interesting to study and listen to music at the same time. (interesting)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Bài 12: Rewrite the following sentences using "noun + to V" and the given words in brackets.

1.They want to beat US, but that seems unrealistic. (goal)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2.Tim always tries hard to finish his homework on time. (effort)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

3.Nobody knew that she had always wanted to become a teacher. (dream)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

4.She has a lot of friends because she's willing to help others unconditionally. (because of, willingness)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5.She decided to take part in the contest. (decision)

_____________________________________________________________________________________