The table below shows the proportion of different categories of
families living in poverty in Australia in 1999.
The table gives information about poverty
rates among six types of household in Australia in the year 1999.
It is noticeable that levels of
poverty were higher for single people than for couples, and people with children were more likely to be poor
than those without.
Poverty rates were considerably lower among elderly people.
Overall, 11% of Australians, or 1,837,000 people, were living in poverty in 1999. Aged people were the least likely to be poor,
with poverty levels of 6% and 4% for single aged people
and aged couples respectively.
Just over one fifth of single parents were living in poverty, whereas only 12% of
parents living with a partner were classed as poor.
The same pattern can be seen for people
with no children: while 19% of single people in this group were living below the poverty line, the
figure for couples was much lower, at only 7%.
The table below gives information about the underground railway systems
in six cities.
The table shows data about the underground
rail networks in six major cities.
The table compares the six networks in terms of their age, size and
the number of people who use them each year.
It is clear that the three oldest underground systems are larger
and serve significantly more passengers than the newer systems.
The London underground is the oldest system, having opened in
1863.
It is also the largest system, with 394 kilometres of route.
The second largest system, in Paris, is only about half the size of the London underground,
with 199 kilometres of route.
However, it serves more people per year. While only third in terms of size, the Tokyo system is easily the most used, with
1,927 million passengers per year.
Of the three newer networks, the Washington DC underground is the most extensive, with 126 kilometres
of route, compared to only 11 kilometres and 28 kilometres for the Kyoto and
Los Angeles systems.
The Los Angeles network is the newest, having opened in 2001,
while the Kyoto network is the smallest and serves only 45 million passengers
per year.
Sample #43
Write
about the following topic:Should animals be used in testing new drugs and
procedures? Gives reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples
from your own knowledge or experience.
model answer:
Every year, millions of animals undergo
painful suffering or death as a result of scientific research into the effects
of drugs, food additives, cosmetics and other chemical products.
While most people think animal testing is
necessary, others are upset by what they see as needless suffering.
This essay looks at some of the positive and
negative aspects of animal testing.
Many medical treatments and procedures have
been developed from experiments on animals.
Since animals share many features with humans,
scientists use animals to test the safety and effectiveness of newly developed
drugs before pilot testing on small groups of patients.
Medical teams practice new operating
techniques such as transplants on animals.
Without animal testing, many procedures or new
drugs would be extremely unsafe.
However, many people are concerned that
animals are suffering unnecessarily and cruelly.
They do not believe that every new drug needs
to be tested on animals, especially with the huge database of knowledge and
modern computer models.
They also are worried that many animal tests
are ineffective, pointing out that any drugs have had to be withdrawn from the
market despite extensive testing.
They particularly feel that animal testing
should not be used for non-essential products such as cosmetics, shampoos,
soaps, and cleaning products.
Furthermore, some campaigners would like to
see certain tests replaced and more humane methods used.
We need to make sure that the millions of
animals who are used for testing new products are treated with the minimum of
suffering.
Although some animal testing may be
unavoidable at present, treating our fellow creatures as mercifully as possible
will demonstrate our humanity.
Sample #44
Action
movies with spectacular car chases are very popular with young people. it is
often said that these sorts of movies lead to an increase in car accidents
among young drivers as they try to copy what they have seen in the films. Do
you agree that such movies increase the amount of bad driving? What can be done
to encourage young people to drive more safely? Gives reasons for your answer
and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
model answer:
Movies tend to have a very large influence on
young people who are influenced both by what they see and hear.
Because this is the case, it is true that car
chases in action movies tend to lead to an increase in the number of car
accidents among young drivers because they try to copy what they have seen in
the films.
They drive too fast and take unnecessary risks
and the difficulty is that most young people lack the skills and experience to
do this.
There are a variety of ways in which young
people can be encouraged to practise safer driving habits.
Firstly, the Government should launch a safe
driving campaign to convey the fact that driving safely is not uncool.
In effect, it should be cool to stay alive and
healthy! Secondly, every movie should make it clear that dangerous car chases
are undertaken only in strict safety conditions with experienced drivers, and
often special movie-making tricks are used to enhance the action.
Thirdly, young people should be forced to take
safe driving courses every year for the first five years that they have their
driver's licence.
In this way, they are forced to perfect their
driving skills or their licence will be taken away.
Finally, as part of this course, young drivers
should go to hospitals and witness the effects of poor or dangerous driving on
other people.
When they see hospitalised people whose lives
have been destroyed due to stupid risk-taking, they will surely change their
minds about whether it is cool to copy action heroes and drive fast.
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