CHUYÊN ĐỀ 3

DANH ĐỘNG TỪ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN THỂ (GERUND AND INFINITIVE)

I. GERUND:

   1.   Chức năng:

ü  Là chủ ngữ của câu: Dancing bored him

ü  Bổ ngữ của động từ: Her hobby is painting

ü  Là bổ ngữ: Seeing is believing

ü  Sau giới từ: He is interested in watching films on Tv.

ü  Sau một vài động từ: avoid, mind, enjoy.........

2. Một số cách dùng đặc biệt:

      a. Verb + V-ing: Danh động từ theo sau một số động từ:

Admit: thừa nhận Anticipate: trông mong, mong đợi Avoid: tránh Appreciate: cảm kích Consider: xem xét Delay: hoãn lại Defer: hoãn lại Deny: từ chối Detest: ghét Dislike: không thích Dread: sợ Enjoy: thích                  Escape:  trốn thoát Excuse: thứ lỗi Fancy: đam mê

Finish: hoàn thành Forgive: tha thứ Like: thích Love: yêu Imagine: tưởng tượng                        Involve: liên quan Keep: giữ, tiếp Mind: phiền Miss: lỡ, nhớ Mention: đề cập Pardon: tha thứ, tha lỗi Prefer: thích Prevent: ngăn ngừa Postpone: hoón lại Practice: thực hành Prevent: ngăn ngừa

Propose (= suggest): đồng ý Quit: từ bỏ Recollect: nhớ lại Resent: căm thù Recall: gợi nhớ/ recollect Resume: cho rằng Resist: kháng cự, ngăn cản Risk: mạo hiểm Remember/ forget Suggest: gợi ý Stop/ begin/ start Understand: hiểu Discuss: thảo luận Hate: ghét

Ex: He admitted taking the money.

             Avoid over-eating

Chú ý: excuse, forgive, pardon, prevent không trực tiếp theo sau bởi danh động từ mà theo sau bởi:

          Possessive adjective/ pronoun + danh động từ hoặc pronoun + preposition + danh động từ

          Appreciate thường theo sau bởi tính từ sở hữu hoặc danh động từ ở dạng bị động

Ex: Forgive my/ me ringing you up so early.

       Forgive me for ringing you up so early.

       You can’t prevent his/ him spending his own money.

       You can’t prevent him from spending his own money.

       I appreciate your giving me o much of your time. / I appreciate being given this opportunity.

      b. common phrasal verbs + V-ing: (sau một số cụm động từ)

            carry on, end up, give up, go round,    keep on,put off,set about…

      c. Expression + V-ing: Một số thành ngữ theo sau bởi V-ing

        - have fun/ a good time + V-ing: vui vẻ …

        - have trouble/ difficulty + V-ing:     

        - have a hard time/ difficult time + V-ing

        - spend + time/ money + V-ing (present participle)

                  He spends 3 hours studying English every day.

        - waste + time/money + V-ing:

        - sit + Danh từ nơi chốn + V-ing: she sat at her desk writing a letter

        - stand + danh từ nơi chốn + V-ing

        - lie + danh từ nơi chốn + Ving

        - can’t help = can’t bear = can’t stand = can’t resist (không thể chịu được)

         I can’t bear hearing his lies      

         I can’t stand seeing him here          

        - it is no good / it is no use (vụ ớch / khụng cú ớch):             It’s no use phoning him at this time

        - there’s no point in …

        - What’s the point of…

        - to be busy           bận rộn

            My mother is busy cooking in the kitchen.

        - to be  worth                  đáng 

            This book is worth reading

        - be use to = get used to = be accustomed to : quen với

        - S + prefer  + V-ing +  to  + V-ing: thích làm gì hơn cái gì

        = S + would rather Vinf than Vinf

     d.  go + gerund để chỉ một hoạt động đặc biệt nào đó: (Present participle)

- go fishing                      đi câu cá                           go hunting            go bowling        go jogging

- go shopping                  đi mua sắm                       go camping          go sightseeing   go sailing

- go swimming                đi bơi                                go dancing           go running        ….

- go hiking                       đi bộ                           go birdwatching           go boating        go canoening

- go mountain climbing

Cụm giới từ theo sau bới V-ing:

be excited/ worried  about  V-ing

3. The perfect gerund:

Form: having Vpp

The perfect gerund được sử dụng thay the present form of gerund (V-ing) khi chúng ta đề cập tới một hành động đó hoàn tất trong quá khứ:

   Ex: He was accused of having stolen her money.

         He denied having been there.

 4. The passive gerund:

Form: being + past participle (present)

          Having + been + Vpp (past)

       Ex: She hates being called a dull.

       The mountain climbers are in danger of being killed by an avalanche.

        I am interested in being given money by my mother.

II. INFINITIVES: Động từ nguyên thể

  1. Chức năng:

- Làm chủ ngữ của câu: (cùng với các động từ: appear, seem, be)

    Ex: To save money now seems impossible.

           = It seems impossible to save money (more usual)

- Làm bổ  ngữ của động từ (be):

     Ex: His plan is to keep the affair secret.      

- Làm tân ngữ của động từ:

     Ex: He wants to play

- Chỉ mục đích: He learns English to sing English songs.  

- Sau một số tính từ:

   2. Bare infinitive (infinitive without to)

• Được dùng sau động từ make, have với nghĩ nguyên cớ (causative)

 The Brown made their children clean their room.

The guest had the porters carry their luggage upstairs.

•Được dùng sau động từ giác quan như see, hear, feel,notice, taste, smell,....

We incidentally saw the plane crash into the moutain.

The man noticed his assistant leave work earlier than usual.

Chú ý:

Feel, hear, see, watch, smell, find + O + Ving (present participle): bắt gặp ai đó đang làm gỡ

Feel, hear, see, watch, smell, find + O + bare inf.: thấy ai đó đó làm gỡ

•Đuợc dùng sau động từ let và help.

My brother let me use computer.

The parents helped their children set up the tent.

•Được dùng sau các đọng từ khuyết thiếu  và trợ động từ: can, could, will, shall, would, should, used to, had better, need,  ought to, do, did …

•Trong cấu trúc: would rather + bare infinitve/ had better

3. To – infinitive:

A.  To infinitive sau động từ:

Dạng1: V + TO INFINITIVE : Một số động từ theo sau là to infinitive

1. agree: đồng ý 2. aim: nhằm mục đích 3. appear: có vẻ 4. arrange:  sắp xếp 5. ask: yêu cầu   6. attempt: cố gắng 7. bother: phiền 8. care: để ý 9. choose: chọn 10. claim: công bố 11. decide: quyết định    12. demand: yêu cầu 13. determine: định đoạt 14. fail: thất bại 15. guarantee: bảo đảm 16. happen: xảy ra 17. hesitate: do dự 18. hope: hy vọng

19. learn: học 20. manage: xoay xở 21. neglect: lơ đóng 22. offer: đề nghị 23. plan: cú kế hoạch 24. prepare:chuẩn bị 25. pretend: giả vờ 26. proceed: tiếp nối 27. promise: 28. prove: chứng tỏ 29. refuse: từ chối 30. resolve: nhất quyết   31. seem: 32. swear: thề    33. tend: có xu hướng    34. threaten: dọa 35. volunteer: tình nguyện              36. vow: dụ dỗ

37. wish             38. want 39. need 40. wait 41. expect         42. intend 43. would like/ would love 44. beg 45. begin/ start 46. afford: đủ khả năng    47. be willing                       48. be able 49. expect 50. intend 51. beg: cầu khẩn 52. prefer

Dạng2: V + O + TO INFINITIVE

- Danh từ/ đại từ làm tân ngữ (objects) đi sau, rồi mới đến “to infinitive”

Ví dụ:

- She advised  me to go to the English Club.

* Một số động từ thường gặp:

NOTES:

   + allow / permit / advise/ recommend/ encourage + object + to infinitive

              Ex: She doesn’t allow me to smoke in her room

   + allow/ permit/ recommend/ encourage/ advise + gerund

              Ex: She doesn’t allow smoking in her room

Dạng3: V + TO INFINITIVE/ GERUND    (một số động từ theo sau bởi to infinitive and gerund)

Nhóm 1: V + to Infinitive / Gerund (không khác nghĩa)

- begin                   bắt đầu                   - prefer                  thích.. hơn                - can’t stand

- start                     bắt đầu                   - hate                     ghét                                    - can’t bear

- continue              tiếp tục                     - love                    yêu thích                   - intend

- like                      thích                        - bother                 làm phiền

Exercise 1: Multiple choice

1.I enjoy _________ alone.

a. be                 b. to be                         c. being                         d. to have been

2.Would you like _______to the party?

a. to come         b. come                        c. coming                      d. to have come

3.Do you mind_______ such a long way to work everyday?

a. to travel         b. travel                         c. to have travelled         d. travelling

4.I don’t like that house. I would hate _______there.

a. live                b. living                         c. to live                        d. to have lived

5. Sometimes I would like_______ to play the piano.

a. to learn         b. learning                     c. learn                          d. to have learned

6. Please remember _______this letter.

a. to post          b. post                          c. posting                      d. to have posted

 

7. We tried _______the fire out but we were unsuccessful. We had to call the fire­- brigade.

a. putting          b. put                            c. to put                        d. to have put

8. Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember_______ it by the window and now it has gone.

a. leave             b. to leave                      c. to have left                d. leaving         

9. Jane needed some money. She tried _______Harry but he couldn’t help her.

a. to have asked            b. to ask                       c. asking                       d. ask

10. Please tell me how _______this

a. do                 b. to do                         c. doing                        d. to have done

11. One is never too old_______

a. to learn         b. learning                     c. learn                          d. to have learned

12. You are old enough _______out alone.

a. going            b. to go                        c. to have gone              d. go

13. I’m glad _______you

a. to meet         b. meet                         c. meeting                     d. to have met

14. It’s nice _______you

a. to know         b. know                         c. knowing                     d. to have known

15. We stopped_______ hello to her.

a. say                b. to say                        c. saying                        d. to have said

16.  It’s no use ______ those things.

a. buy               b. buying                       c. to buy                        d. to be bought

17. After ______, she invited the audience to ask questions.

a. finish             b. finished                     c. finishing                     d. to finish

18. Robbins started ______ a few years ago.

a. to jog            b. jogging                     c. jog                            d. A and B are correct

19. I suggest ________ some more mathematics puzzles.

a. do                 b. to do                        c. doing                        d done

20. My computer needs _______.

a. repair                        b. to repair                    c. repairing                    d. repaired

21. I want ----- at home tonight

a. staying          b. to stay                       c. stay                           d. stayed

22. Alice isn’t interested in ------- for a new job

a. look              b. to look                      c. looks                                     d. looking

23. We’re going out for dinner. Would you like ----- us?

a. joining           b. to join                       c. join                            d. joins

24. When Beth got tired, she stopped -------

a. working         b. to work                     c. work                          d. works

25. Don’t forget ------ the letter I gave you yesterday

a. post              b. posting                     c. posts                                     d. to post

 

26. Her boss refuses ------ her a raise

a. giving            b. to give                      c. give                           d. a & b correct

27. She enjoys ----- with many people

a. work             b. working                     c. to work                      d. works

28.Mary was in a difficult situation, so he agreed ------- her some money

a. to lend          b. lend                          c. lending                      d. a & c correct

29.They sometimes avoid ------ him

a. meeting         b. meet                                     c. to meet                      d. meets

30.It was a nice day, so we decided -------- for a walk

a. going            b. go                            c. to go                         d. goes

31. Would you mind -------- the door? Thanks

a. opening         b. open                         c. opens                        d. to open

 32. The man wanted to avoid...................... on security cameras.

a. to see                 b. seeing                 c. to be seen                 d. being seen

33. I tried........................... the bus, but I missed it.

a. to catch             b. catching                c. to be caught              d. being caught

34. The plants want........................... daily.

a. to water             b. watering                c. to be watered            d. both b and c

35. Will you remind me.................... this letter at the post office?

a. to post              b. posting                 c. to be posted             d. being posted

36. The goods ought....................... two weeks ago.

a. to deliver       b. delivering                 c. to be delivered            d. being delivered

37. I have expected......................... the secret of happiness.

a. to tell            b. telling                        c. to be told                  d. being told

38. John had agreed......................... me in his office.

a. to meet         b. meeting                     c. to be met                   d. being met

39. I don’t like _____ when I am not there.

      a. criticizing             b. being criticized                      c. to criticize                  d. to be criticized

40. She expected ________ to the principal.

      a. to introduce         b. being introduced       c. to be introduced        d. being introduced

41. Tom was sad about ________ in class yesterday.

      a. punishing             b. being punished          c.  to be punished          d. punished

42. You shouldn’t make your son _______ too much.

      a. study                  b. studied                      c. to study                     d. studying

43 John had agreed......................... me in his office.

a. to meet                     b. meeting                     c. to be met                               d. being met

44. It’s important for the figures......................... regularly.

a. to update                  b. updating                   c. to be updated            d. being updated

 

45. It is no good............................ sorry for yourself.

a. to feel                       b. feeling                      c. feel                            d. felt

46. Peter regrets …………Marry’s birthday party

a. not to attend              b. not attending             c. not to be attending     d. not to be attended

47. Will you remind me.................... this letter at the post office?

a. to post                      b. posting                     c. to be posted             d. being posted

48. I shall never forget-----------with you to Paris last year.

     a. staying                 b. to staying                              c. to stay                       d. stayed

49. I am looking forward to -----------you.

     a. having seen          b. seeing                       c. to see                        d. all are wrong

50. I am always remember------------ off the lights before I leave my house.

     a. turning                 b. to turn                       c. turned                       d. being turned

     51. She was able………………English when she was very young.

  a. to sing                     b. sing                          c. singing                      d. sang

     52. Could you please stop ………….. so much noise?

a. make                         b. to make                    c. made                         d. making

     53. She said that she had talked to me but I didn’t remember ……………her before.

a. seeing                       b. to see                       c. not seeing                  d. see

     54. Let your name………….. in the sheet of paper.

a. write                          b. be written                  c. written                       d. to write

     55. We hoped…………….. by our teacher.

a. to help                      b. helping                      c. to be helped             d. being helped

Exercise 2: Sentence transformation

 56. My teacher wouldn’t let me leave early.

A. My teacher refused to let me leave early.

B. My teacher refused letting me leave early.

C. My teacher allowed me to leave early.

D. My teacher permitted me to leave early.

57. It is your duty to tell him what to do.

A.You are supposed to tell him what to do.

B. You are given the duty to tell him what he has to do.

C. It is said that you tell him what to do.

D. Please tell him what he has to do.

58. It is pointless to try to make him change his mind.

A. It is a waste of time trying and making him change his mind.

B. It is a waste of time to try and make him change his mind.

C. There is no time to try to make him change his mind.

D. There is no time trying to make him change his mind.

59. I want to know the depth of the river at this point.

A. I want to know how the river is deep at this point.

B. I want to know how deep is the river at this point.

C. I want to know how deep  the river is at this point.

D. I want to know how  the  deep river is at this point.

60. The tea wasn’t sweet enough for Betty to drink.

A. Betty didn’t like to drink the sweet tea.

B. Betty couldn’t drink the tea. She liked more sugar.

C. There wasn’t enough tea, and Betty had nothing to drink.

D. Betty drank some of the tea but not enough.

61. You had better take some medicine.

A. You ought to drink medicine.

B. You must take a number of tablets.

C. You have to have some medicine.

D. You should have some medicine.

62. The doctor advised him to go the local hospital for a check-up.

A. He was advised to go to the international hospital for a check-up.

B. He was advised to go to the hospital where he is now living for a check-up.

C. He was advised to go to the best hospital for a check-up.

D. For a check-up, he was told to stay at home.

63. It’s a waste of time trying to explain anything to Tony.

A. Tony should be given explanation.

B. It’s not worth trying to explain anything to Tony.

C. To save time, explain it to Tony.

D. It’s well worth trying to explain things to Tony.

64. I couldn’t help laughing when he told me that story.

A. I couldn’t resist laughing when he told me that story.

B. I couldn’t help him tell that story.

C. I did not laugh when hearing that story.

D. The story he told me not help at all.

65. We think he was in London last year.

A. He was thought to be in London last year.

B. He was thought to have been in London last year.

C. He is thought to be in London last year.

D. He is thought to have been in London last year.

66. There’s no point in persuading him to do this.

A. he is able to do this although he does not want to.

B. It would be useful to persuade him to do this.

C. I enjoy persuading him to do this.

D. It is useless to persuade him to do this.

67. The court found the man innocent of murdering his wife.

A. The man was judged not guilty of killing his wife.

B. The man was found murdered by his wife.

C. The court found a murdered man and his wife.

D. The court decided that the man had killed his wife.

Exercise 3: Find a mistake in the four underlined parts A,B,C or D of each sentence.

68. I decided to change jobs because my boss makes me work over time.

            A             B                                                 C             D

69. Get more exercise appears to be the best way to lose weight.

       A                             B         C                             D

70. Let’s stop to watch so much TV so that we can read or go out instead.

          A             B                                                     C            D

71. I advise you starting looking for a flat at once.

                             A          B       C               D

72. He postponed to make a decision till it was too late to do anything.

                                A                        B                C                     D

73. It is extremely important for an engineer to know to use a computer.

     A         B                          C                          D

74. There’s no point having a car if you never use it.

        A                        B                            C     D

75. I’d like him going to a university, but I can’t make him go.

                             A               B                      C                 D

76. Simon finds it hard for making friends with other children.

                    A       B            C                        D

77. During a curfew it is not possible walking on the streets after a specified hour.

           A                                                    B      C                                   D

78. His teacher encouraged him talking part in the international piano competition.

                                A                     B                            C                                D

79. Don’t let the children to stay up too late.

         A     B                           C                D

80. We were made doing a lot of homework at our school.

                   A             B        C                       D