UNIT 1: THE GENERATION GAP
B.
GRAMMAR
MODALS
1.
Should – Ought to – Had better
*
Form: should/ ought to + V(bare -inf): nên làm gì
Hình thức phủ định của should là should not (shouldn't); của
ought to là ought not to (oughtn't)
to; của had better là had better not.
Chúng ta dùng should, ought to để đưa ra ý kiến của chúng ta về việc gì đó hoặc
đưa ra lời khuyên cho ai đó (give our
opinions about something or advice to somebody). Trong hầu hết các trường hợp
thì chúng ta có thể dùng ought to
thay thế cho should.
E.g: You should/ ought to finish your homework
before you go out.
Tuy nhiên có sự khác biệt nhỏ giữa should và ought to:
- "Should" thường được dùng khi chúng ta muốn biểu đạt quan
điểm, ý kiến cá nhân
E.g:
I think you should see him. (Tôi
nghĩ bạn nên gặp anh ta.)
-
"Ought to" thường được dùng khi nói đến điều luật, nhiệm vụ, quy
định
E.g:
They ought to follow the school's policy, or they will get expelled. (Họ nên tuân theo chính sách của trường
học, hoặc là họ sẽ bị đuổi ra khỏi trường.)
- "Should" thường được dùng trong các câu hỏi hơn "ought to", đặc biệt là trong
loại câu hỏi WH- questions
E.g:
What should I do if I have any problems? (Tôi nên làm gì nếu tôi gặp vấn đề?)
-
Should/ Ought to +have + PP: lẽ ra đã nên làm gì
Diễn tả một điều gì đó lẽ ra đã nên
hoặc phải xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng thực tế đã không xảy ra trong quá khứ vì
lý do nào đó
E.g:
I should have gone to the post office this morning.
(Lẽ ra sáng nay tôi phải đi bưu điện.)
Diễn tả sự đáng tiếc, hối hận đã
không làm việc gì đó (express regret that something was not done)
I
failed the exam. I should have studied harder. (Tôi đã thi trượt. Đáng lẽ ra tôi nên chăm học
hơn.)
- Chúng ta có thể dùng cụm was/were supposed to V để thay thế cho should have pp
E.g:
She was supposed to go/ should have gone to the party last night.
*
Form: Had better + V: nên, tốt hơn nên làm gì (Had better
='d better)
- Had better: cũng dùng khi cho lời khuyên, hay diễn đạt điều gì đó tốt
nhất nên làm. Had better được dùng để
cho lời khuyên về sự vật sự việc, tình huống cụ thể, còn lời khuyên chung chúng
ta nên sử dụng "ought to" hoặc "should"
E.g:
It's cold today. You'd better wear a coat when you go out. (Hôm nay trời lạnh. Tốt hơn là bạn nên mặc
áo khoác khi đi ra ngoài
- Had better đặc biệt được dùng để
đưa ra lời khuyên mang tính cấp bách, cảnh báo và đe dọa
E.g:
You had better be on time or you will be punished. (Bạn nên đúng giờ hoặc nếu không bạn sẽ bị
trừng phạt.)
2.
Must- Have (Got) to
"Must"
và "Have (got) to" đều có
nghĩa là "phải": để chỉ sự bắt buộc hay cần thiết phải làm một việc
gì đó (express obligation or the need to
do sth)
E.g:
I must/ have to go out now.
Must
và have (got) to có thể dùng để thay
thế cho nhau nhưng đôi khi giữa chúng có sự khác nhau:
- Must: mang tính chất cá nhân, để diễn tả sự bắt buộc đến từ người
nói, cảm giác của cá nhân mình (chủ quan). Người nói thấy việc đó cần thiết phải
làm
E.g:
I really must give up smoking (Tôi thực sự phải bỏ thuốc.)
- Have (got) to: không mang tính chất cá nhân, để diễn tả sự bắt buộc
đến từ các yếu tố ngoại cảnh bên ngoài như luật lệ, quy định (sự bắt buộc mang
tính khách quan- external obligation).
E.g:
You can't turn right here. You have to turn left.
(because of the traffic system)
Have
got to ~ have to nhưng have
got to thường được dùng trong ngôn ngữ nói (informal)
|
Have to |
Have got to |
|
I/you/we/they have to Do I/you/we/they have to...? |
I/you/we/they have got to I/you/we/they
haven't got to Have I/you/we/they got to...? |
Nếu have được tỉnh lược 've thì chúng
ta phải có "got"
E.g:
They've got to be changed. (không
được dùng They've to be changed)
Trong thì quá khứ đơn, chúng ta thường
dùng "had to" hơn là "had got to"
- Must có thể được dùng để nói về hiện tại và tương lai, nhưng không
được dùng ở quá khứ. Thay vào đó, ta phải dùng had to (have to dùng được
ở tất cả các thì)
E.g:
I must go to school now.
I
must go to school tomorrow. /I will have to go to school tomorrow.
I
had to go to school yesterday.
Nếu không chắc chắn nên dùng từ nào
thì thông thường để "an toàn" hơn ta nên dùng have
- Must còn dùng để đưa ra sự suy luận dựa vào lập luận logic
E.g:
She must be upstairs. We've
looked everywhere else. (Cô ta chắc
là ở trên tầng. Chúng tôi đã tìm mọi nơi khác.)
- Must + be/ feel + adj: để bày tỏ sự thấu hiểu cảm giác của ai đó
E.g:
You must be tired after that trip. (Bạn chắc hẳn rất mệt sau chuyến đi đó.)
Mustn't
và Don't have to
Must
not (mustn't) khác hoàn toàn với don't/ doesn't have to
+ Mustn't: không được làm gì đó (chỉ sự cấm đoán)
E.g:
You mustn't tell the truth. (Bạn
không được phép nói ra sự thật)
+ Don't have to = Don't need to: không cần làm gì, không phải làm gì
(nhưng bạn có thể làm nếu bạn muốn)
E.g:
You don't have to get up early. (Bạn không cần thức dậy sớm đâu.)
- Must + have + PP: chắc hẳn đã, hẳn là
Diễn tả sự suy đoán hay kết luận
logic dựa vào thực tế ở quá khứ (to draw
a conclusion about something happened in the past)
E.g:
Mary passed the exam with flying colors. She must have studied hard. (Mary đã thi đậu với kết quả cao. Cô ấy
chắc hẳn đã học chăm chỉ.)
E.g:
I didn't hear the doorbell. I must have been gardening behind the house. (Tôi đã không nghe thấy chuông cửa. Chắc hẳn
lúc ấy tôi đang làm vườn phía sau nhà.)
Bài
1: Choose the best option in the bracket to complete the sentences.
1.
Yesterday I (must/ mustn't/ had to) finish my English project.
2.
He will (must/ have to/ has to) wait in line like everyone else.
3.
We (must be/ mustn't / have to) on time for work.
4.
We (have to not/ must/ mustn't) forget to take the chicken out of the freezer.
5.
If you are under 15, you (have/ must/ mustn't) to get your parents' permission.
6.
Your child may (have to/ had to/ must) try on a few different sizes.
7.
The doctor (must/ mustn't/ have to) get here as soon as he can.
8.
Do you (have to/ must/ mustn't) work next weekend?
9.
Bicyclists (mustn't/ must/ has to) remember to signal when they turn.
10.
Susan, you (mustn't/ must/ have to) leave your clothes all over the floor like
this.
Bài 2: Choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to complete
the following sentences.
1. You__________use your mobile phone in the exam.
A. oughtn't to B. mustn't C.
don't have to D. shouldn't
2. My grandparents live in the suburb. Therefore, whenever we visit
them, we__________a bus.
A. must take B. should take C.
have to be taken D. have to take
3. We__________smoke on the bus.
A. mustn't B. can't C.
needn't D. mightn't
4. There are a lot of tickets left, so you__________pay for the tickets
in advance.
A. mustn't B. won't C.
should D. don't have to
5. You__________eat plenty of fruit or vegetables every day because they
are good for your health.
A. oughtn't to B. mustn't C. don't have to D.
should
6. You__________wash the car. I had it done yesterday.
A. mustn't B. needn't C.
must D. may not
7. She is a good teacher; thus, I think you__________to ask her for some
advice.
A. oughtn't B. must C. have D. ought
8. It's a secret. You__________let anyone know about it.
A. mustn't B. needn't C.
mightn't D. may not
9. Vietnamese school students nowadays__________ wear uniform.
A. have to B. need to C. should D. could
10. We__________open the lion's cage. It is contrary to zoo regulations.
A. must B. mustn't C. needn't D. should
11. When swimming in the pool, children__________ be accompanied by their parents.
A. should B. must C. don't have to D.
have to
12. If you want to maintain a good relationship, you__________behave
impolitely like that.
A. ought to not B. ought not to C. mustn't D. don't have
13. This drink isn't beneficial for health.
You__________drink it too much
A. should B. ought to not C.
ought not to D. mustn't
14. This warning sign says that you__________step
on the grass.
A. shouldn't B. mustn't C. don't have to D. ought not
to
15. I think you__________do exercise regularly in
order to keep in shape.
A. must B. should C.
ought to D. Both B and C are correct
16. My motorbike broke down yesterday, so
I__________catch a taxi to school.
A. should B. ought C.
must D. has better
17. You look exhausted. You__________take a rest
instead of working overtime.
A. should B. ought C.
must D. has better
18. Those audiences__________show their tickets
before entering the concert hall.
A. have to B. must C. ought to D.
don't have to
19. The children__________spend too much time
watching TV.
A. mustn't B. ought to not C.
shouldn't D. Both B and c are correct
20. If you have a bad headache, you__________see
the doctor.
A. had better B. must C. ought D.
have better
Bài 3: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to
indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following
questions.
1. (A) I will leave here early (B) because
(C) I must (D) studying for my exam.
2. I (A) stayed up (B) late last
night because I (C) mustn't go to school (D) on Sunday.
3. We (A) ought to not play football (B) as
(C) it's raining (D) outside.
4. You (A) mustn't (B) to drive a
car (C) if you (D) don't have a driving licence.
5. If you (A) want some useful (B) advice, you (C) have
better talk to your parents (D) about your problem.
6. Yesterday I (A) must (B) stay
(C) at home (D) due to the bad storm.
7. Because of his (A) poverty, he (B) has
to (C) struggling to (D) make ends meet.
8. (A) According to the rules (B) of this
game, you (C) don't have to (D) drop the ball.
9. This competition is (A) optional, so
we (B) not (C) have to take part in (D) it.
10. My (A) advice is you (B) have to consider carefully (C)
before (D) making the final decision.
Bài 4: Fill
in the blanks with "must" or "have to".
1. Professor Quang told me today that
I__________give in that assignment by Friday at the latest.
2. Mark! This is a one way street.
You__________turn back and use Le Loi Street.
3. My back has been hurting for weeks. I
__________go to the doctor's.
4. My company said that if I want this
promotion, I__________go to the doctor's for a thorough medical check-up first.
5. I went to see "Titanic" at the
cinema last night. What a great film! You__________go and see it!
6. Linda, thanks for everything. It was a great
party. I__________go now. My husband is waiting for me outside.
7. I am taking out a bank loan this month.
I__________pay a lot of taxes all together.
8. The local council is really strict about
protecting that piece of lawn! You__________walk around it!
Bài
5: Fill in the blanks with affirmative or negative forms of "must or have
to/ has to".
1. You really__________stop driving so fast or
you'll have an accident!
2. I can give you my bike, so you__________buy a
new one.
3. They__________be in a hurry, because they
have got more than enough time.
4. I really__________remember to post that
letter before five o'clock.
5. Tomorrow is Sunday. You__________get up very
early.
6. This room is a mess. I really__________find
time to clean it!
7. You__________wear a tie if you want to go to
that restaurant. It's one of their rules!
8. I am broke. I__________borrow some money to buy
a car.
9. You__________stop smoking. It is very
harmful.
10. Mr. Dickson is travelling abroad this summer,
so he__________get his passport soon.
11. All the students__________obey the school
rules.
12. You__________speak too loud, the baby is
sleeping.
13. Students__________look at their notes during
the test.
14. I have a terrible headache, so
I__________leave early.
15. Snow has blocked the roads. We__________stay here until it's cleared.
Bài 6: Rewrite
each sentence using the word(s) in the brackets.
1. I am not allowed to go out in the evening,
(mustn't)
2. It is a good idea for US to take an umbrella
with US when we go out. (should)
3. It is necessary for young people to plan for
their future, (have to)
4. Ms. Hoa is in charge of cleaning the floor
every day. (has to)
5. Tim doesn't get permission to use that
computer, (mustn't)
Bài
7: Rewrite the following sentences using modals.
1. Smoking is not allowed in the hospital.
2. It isn't necessary for you to book the
tickets.
3. You are not allowed to park here.
4. It is better for parents to take time to
understand their children.
5. If I were you, I would buy this house.
Bài 8: Choose the best option in the bracket
to complete the sentences.
1.
Look at my new mobile phone. It (must / can) play movies!
2.
What's your new phone number? I (can't / mustn't) remember it.
3. Can you change my
appointment? I'm busy so I (won't be able to / don't have to) come at eight
o'clock tomorrow.
4. Jane (can / must)
be in the office now. I saw her go in 5 minutes ago.
5. My wallet's gone!
Someone (can / must) have stolen it!
6. (You've got /
You're allowed) to show your driving licence when you rent a car.
7. Take your time.
We (can't / don't have to) be there until seven.
8. We're late. (We'd
better/ We might) hurry up.
9. You (couldn't /
aren't allowed) to drive without a licence in the UK.
10. Are you hungry?
(I make/ I’ll make) something for you.
Bài 9: Choose the best answer (A, B,
C or D) to complete the following sentences.
1. __________I have a look at those
shoes, please?
A. Would B. Should C.
Could D. Must
2. We__________pay for the tickets
because my mother won them.
A. didn't have to B. couldn't C. mustn't D.
hadn't to
3. You really__________make such a fuss about
the old clothes you are wearing!
A. won't B. can't C.
mightn't D. shouldn't
4. I hope we__________find the cinema easily.
A. should B. might C.
can D. could
5. We couldn't find
a hotel room so we__________sleep
in the car.
A. might B. should C.
had to D. could
6. We'd love to__________afford a trip to South
America.
A. will have to B. be able to C. have to D.
can
7. She could__________in the garage when we arrived.
That might be why she didn't hear the bell.
A. work B. be worked C.
have been working D. be working
8. You'll__________tell the police that your
house was broken into.
A.
should B. must C. have to D.
had to
Bài 10: Choose the best option to
complete the sentences.
1. When we were at
school we (ought to/ had to/ must) wear a uniform.
2. You (don't have
to/ mustn't/ ought not to) be an expert to use the basic functions of program.
3. You (should/
must/'ve got) to tell her that you are her mother.
4.
You (were supposed to/ had got to/ must) go to the meeting. Why didn't you go?
5. I (mustn't/ don't
have to/ shouldn't) wear glasses. I still can see perfectly well.
6. We went to bed
right after dinner because we (had to/must/should) get up early the following
day.
7. We (must/ can't/
should to) go for a drink one day.
8. You (hadn't to/
didn't have to/ shouldn't) take any money. I have enough for both of us.
9. What are you
doing? You (don't have to/ aren't supposed to/ ought not) be here!
10.
We (shouldn't/ weren't allowed to/ mustn't) talk to each other because it was
an exam.
Bài 11: Fill in the blanks with
"couldn't/ have to/ might/ must/ ought to /shouldn't".
1. It's very cold
today. Do you think it__________snow
later?
2. You__________leave your door unlocked
when you go out.
3. They__________have filled the car with
petrol before they set off.
4. You don't__________pick me up at the
station. I can get a taxi.
5. This is
impossible, it__________be
a mistake!
6. Tom__________have seen me because he
walked past without saying "Hello".
Bài 12: Fill in the blanks with
"must/ might/ can't"
1. Your mother__________be a great cook. You are
always so keen to get back home to eat!
2. I don't know why
I am so tired these days. I__________be
working too hard. Or maybe I am not sleeping too well.
3. Do you know where
Mike is? He__________be
out - his car keys are on the table.
4. You seem to know
everything about the theatre. You__________go every week.
5. To give the
promotion to David was silly. He__________ know much about this company after only a
year working here.
6. Go and look in
the kitchen for your gloves. They__________be in there.
7. Oh, the phone is
ringing. Answer it. It__________be
Lisa. She always rings at this time.
8. Bob has been drinking
that whiskey since early this afternoon. He__________be totally drunk by now.
9. That couple__________think much of this film.
They're leaving already - after only 20 minutes!
10. That's the second new car they have bought
this year. They__________be
very rich!
Bài 13: Fill in the blanks with
"must/ can't/ could/ may/ might" There may be more than one correct
answer for each question.
1.
I'm sure she is here - I can see her car in front of the building.
She__________be here. I can see her car in front of the
building.
2.
They're coming this week but I don't know which day.
They__________be coming tomorrow.
3.
I'm not sure I'm going to pass the exam. I don't feel very confident.
I __________pass the exam. I don't feel very
confident.
4.
I've bought a lottery ticket. There's a chance I'll become a millionaire!
I__________become a millionaire!
5.
I'm sure she doesn't speak French very well - she's only lived in Paris for a
few weeks.
She__________speak French very well. She's only lived
in Paris for a few weeks.
6.
My key's not in my pocket or on my desk so I'm sure it's in the drawer.
My key's not in my pocket or on my desk so
it__________be in the drawer.
7.
Someone told me that Tim was in New York but I saw him yesterday so I'm sure
he's not
abroad. Tim__________be abroad.
8.
You got the job? That's great. I'm sure you're delighted.
You got the job? That's great. You__________be delighted.
9.
They told me to prepare the project by tomorrow but it's almost impossible to
have it done so fast.
I__________finish it by tomorrow if I stay at work
all night, but I'm not sure.
10.
I asked them to send the goods as soon as possible; we__________receive them by the end
of the week if the post is fast.
Bài
14: Choose one of the following to complete the sentences.
|
must
have |
might
have |
should
have |
can't
have |
1. Tom__________gone on holiday. I saw
him in the company this morning.
2. Nobody answered
the phone at the clinic. It__________closed
early.
3. I__________revised more for my
exams. I think I'll fail!
4.
Alex looks really pleased with herself. She__________passed her driving test this morning.
5. I can't believe
Mike hasn't arrived yet. He__________caught
the wrong train.
6. His number was
busy all night - he__________been
on the phone continuously for hours.
7. It__________been Tim I saw at the
party. He didn't recognise me at all.
Bài 15: Use "could (n't) have/
should(n't) have/ must(n't) have" to complete the sentence.
1. Your house looks
very nice. You__________spent
a lot of time painting it.
2. John went running
in the rain. He__________gotten
sick.
3. It was so dark
that he fell down the stairs. He__________fixed the light.
4. Daisy__________gone by bus. Why did she
walk?
5. I called him but
nobody answered. He__________gone
out.
6. You__________cleaned the floor. It
looks so clean.
7. Nam__________stolen the car. He was
with me all the time.
8. My bicycle is
broken. I__________ridden
it down the stairs.
9. Tom looks happy.
I think he__________gotten
a new job.
10.
The chocolate cake is all gone! Someone__________eaten it.
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