Unit 9. CITIES OF THE FUTURE

Part I. PHONETICS

Exercise 1. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

1. A. dweller               B. overcrowded         C. network                 D. waste

2. A. commercial       B. electricity               C. advanced               D. processing

3. A. inhabitant          B. geography                         C. radiation                D. available

4. A. upgrade                         B. presentation          C. description            D. consumption

5. A. disposal                         B. optimistic               C. population             D. occupy

Exercise 2. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

6. A. organiser           B. comfortable           C. technology                        D. populated

7. A. presentation      B. pessimistic                         C. residential              D. innovative

8. A. renewable         B. sustainable                        C. insfrastructure      D. environment

9. A. familiar              B. generate                 C. assignment                        D. pollutant

10. A. overcrowded B. inhabitant              C. geography                         D. convenient

Part II. VOCABULARY

Exercise 3. Mark the letter A, B, G, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

11. Local authorities should find ways to limit the use of private cars and encourage city ____ to use public transport.

A. commuters                        B. planners                 C. dwellers                 D. people

12. To get ready for the presentation, we can start preparing the slides while Jeremy will do the ____.

A. speaking                B. telling                     C. talking                    D. speech

13. Located about 60 km southwest of Seoul, this eco city has been planned around a central park and designed so that every resident can walk to work in the business ____.

A. district                    B. area                        C. location                  D. organisation

14. The waste ____ system here is also innovative. There are no rubbish trucks or waste bins in the street.

A. dump                     B. disposal                  C. landfill                    D. throwaway

15. London is a/an ____ city. It's a melting pot for people from all parts of the world.

A. international                      B. national                  C. metropolitan                     D. cosmopolitan

16. Cities in poorer countries often lack basic ____. Without it, they are unable to function properly as cities.

A. structure                B. construction                      C. infrastructure                    D. condition

17. The ____ of living in some places can be very high. Prices in London are particularly exorbitant.

A. value                      B. price                       C. worth                     D . cost

18. Urban ____ is prevalent in most cities. Everywhere you go there are building sites, pedestrian precincts, blocks of flats, and housing estates spreading into the countryside.

A. sprawl                    B. expansion              C. widening                D. spread

19. This safe, ____ friendly city is like a paradise for its inhabitants who can enjoy the highest quality of life.

A. environment         B. environmental       C. environmentally               D. environmentalist

20. ____ waste is putting city dweller's health at a real risk.

A. Treatment              B. Untreated               C. Non-treatment                  D. Non-treated

21. Every month, scientists invent new gadgets and ____ to help us with our daily lives, and discover ways to make existing technology faster and better.

A. experiments          B. effects                     C. laboratories                       D. equipment

22. Unlike the country where the day often ends quite early in the evening, the city offers its people exciting ____.

A. activities                 B. performances                    C. nightlife                 D. night clubs

23. The roads are terrible. I'm always getting ____ in traffic.

A. stuck                       B. lost                          C. exhausted                          D. late

24. A pedestrian ____ is a specified place on the road where people can cross.

A. crossroads                         B. crossing                 C. junction                  D. T-junction

25. Everything's a bit more expensive here and property prices are extremely high. A lot of people have no choice but to live in the ____ and commute in to work.

A. outskirt                  B. suburbs                  C. city                          D. urban

26. It's much safer for cyclists to get around these days with cycle ____ everywhere.

A. lanes                       B. streets                    C. roads                      D. paths

27. The ____ is where you'll find all the large department stores and banks.

A. city heart                B. town hall                C . city centre                                     D. business district

28. Exhaust ____ from cars are responsible for much of the air pollution in cities.

A. fumes                     B. smokes                   C. gases                      D . smog

29. Many factories still allow ____, such as toxic waste, to flow into our rivers

A. pollution                B. litters                      C. garbage                 D. pollutants

30. Many commuters struggling to work through the rush-hour ____ ask 'Is it worth it?'

A. congestion                         B. vehicles                  C. roads                      D. accidents

31. It is perhaps, the daily stresses and ____ of the city which make life there a matter of survival rather than of enjoyment.

A depresses               B. strains                    C. demands                D. challenges

32. Most cars nowadays are fitted with a security ____ of some kind.

A. motor                     B. gadget                    C. tool                         D. device

33. The greenhouse ____ takes place when certain gases in the atmosphere trap sun's heat.

A emission                 B. gas                          C. effect                      D. affect

34. Pollution and heavy traffic are common problems in ____ cities.

A cosmopolitan         B. modern                  C. metropolitan                     D. overcrowded

35. Millions of people around the world still live in poverty. They are struggling every day simply to ____.

A. get up                     B. get by                     C. get on                     D. get round

Exercise 4. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

36. Today Islamabad is a thriving city of about 1 million people. It offers a healthy climate, a pollution-free atmosphere, plenty of water, and many green spaces.

A. healthy                   B. prosperous                        C. modern                  D. green

37. Scientists hope that this new drug will be a major breakthrough in the fight against AIDS.

A. new cure                B. important therapy                        C. sudden remedy     D. dramatic development

38. They design and carry out projects aiming to reduce fossil fuel consumption, find renewable fuels for public transport, and promote other clean air efforts.

A. inexhaustible         B. recyclable               C. green                      D. environmentally-friendly

39. The urban planners are working for Eco Infrastructure Network, whose main function is to deal with urban environmental problems to make Super Star City greener, cleaner, and more sustainable.

A. eye-catching          B. developed              C. long-lasting                       D. friendly

40. If we have solar panels on our roofs, we'll be able to generate our own electricity.

A. afford                     B. produce                  C. manufacture                      D. light

41. I believe the government will use advanced technology to build faster trains and make people's life more comfortable.

A. modern                 B. expensive               C. public                     D. latest

42. Many city dwellers, especially those in developing countries, still live in poverty.

A. people                    B. migrants                C. immigrants                                    D. residents

43. These projects have proved to be very effective in dealing with global climate change, which was considered an insoluble problem in the first 30 years of this century.

A. hard                        B. challenging            C. unsolvable                         D. unbearable

44. There's a real mix of people in Brighton. It has a very cosmopolitan feel to it.

A. busy                       B. hectic                      C. multi-cultural                    D. diversified

45. People who hold optimistic view believe that cities of the future will increase the general well-being of individuals and societies.

A. health state                        B. quality of life         C. level of development       D. growth rate

Exercise 5. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

46. If I take the pessimistic viewpoint, Tokyo won't be a safe place to live in.

A. negative                 B. optimistic               C. optical                    D. neutral

47. To reduce carbon emissions into the atmosphere, ways to limit the use of private cars must be found.

A. public                     B. personal                 C. common                D. shared

48. People who live in towns and cities live in an urban environment.

A. remote                   B. deserted                 C. suburban               D. rural

49. There is pollution not only of the physical environment because the various pressure of urban life causes cities to breed crime.

A. social                      B. mental                    C. moral                     D. manual

50. Governments have to join hands to solve the environmental problems on a global scale.

A. worldwide             B. nationwide                         C. local                        D. international

Part III. GRAMMAR

Exercise 6. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

51. This is the right DVD, ____?

A. isn't this                 B. is this                      C. isn't it                     D. is it

52. I'm not the only one, ____?

A. aren't I                    B. am I                        C. am not I                 D. are not I

53. Let's go out tonight, ____?

A. shall we                  B. will we                    C. could we                D. would we

54. Don't forget to write to me soon, ____?

A. would you             B. could you               C. can you                  D. will you

55. Nothing frightens you, ____?

A. does it                    B. doesn't it                C. do they                   D. don't they

56. Somebody's just called my name, ____?

A. hasn't he                B. didn't he                 С . haven't they                     D. have they

57. I suppose you don't like the course, ____?

A. don't I                     B. do I             C. don't you               D. do you

58. Everyone's going to be there, ____?

A. isn't he                   B. is he                        C. aren't they             D. are they

59. We never enjoy our city break, ____?

A. do we                     B. don't we                 C. have we                 D. haven't we

60. There will be more and more megacities in the world,

A. will it                      B. won't it                   C. will there                D. won't there

61. No one wants to live in a polluted city, ____?

A. do they                   B. don't they             C. does he                  D. doesn't he

62. I think city dwellers can enjoy an exciting nightlife, ____?

A. don't you think                 B. don't I                     C. can't they               D. can they

63. There's hardly anything that can be done to reduce pollution, ____?

A. isn't there              B. is there                   C. can it                      D. can't it

64. You have to wear uniform when going to work, ____?

A. haven't you           B. have you                C. do you                    D. don't you

65. We are supposed to submit the assignment by Friday, ____?

A. don't we                 B. are we                    C. aren't we                D. do we

66. Put these flowers near the window, ____?

A. will you                  B. would you              C. could you               D. all are correct

67. None of the old people likes living in urban areas, ____?

A. do them                 B. does he                  C. do they                   D. don't they

68. Neither of the locations was ideal for a new shopping mall, ____?

A. were they               B. was it                      C. weren't they                      D. wasn't it

69. I believe nothing serious happened, ____?

A. did it                       B. didn't it                   C. do I                         D. don't I

70. Sophie has got no major problems living in the new city, ____?

A. hasn't she              B. has she                   C. does she                D. doesn't she

Exercise 7. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

71. Sarah will be very annoyed if Dave ____ her this evening.

A. won't call               B. not call                   C. doesn't call                        D. will call

72. When you ____ with your computer, can I borrow it?

A. have finished         B. will finish               C. will have finished              D. are finishing

73. If you like peace and quiet, ____ move to the town to live.

A. you won't              B. you will                  C. let's                         D. don't

74. If you go by air, it ____ you around two hours to get to Ho Chi Minh City from Ha Noi.

A. would take                         B. takes                       C. took                                    D. spends

75. ____ he do well in the exam, his parents will buy him an MP3 player.

A. If                             B. When                      C. Should                   D. Were

76. You are expected to fasten the seatbelt ____ you are driving.

A. when                      B. if                              C. whenever                           D. all are correct

77. If you need help, ____ me!

A. will tell                   B. let's tell                   C. let tell                     D. tell

78. If unemployment is rising, people ____ to stay in their current jobs.

A. tend                        B. will tend                 C. have tended                      D . would tend

79. If you see Karen, ____ you ask her to call me?

A. shall                        B. will                          C. do                           D . would

80. If you bully someone, you ____ them to do things against their will.

A. will force                B. forced                     C. force                       D. would force

Exercise 8. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

81. Won't you be a lot happier if Dad came home this weekend?

          A                  B                  C                    D

82 Should Jade gets to interview a famous politician, she will ask lots of difficult questions.

                            A            B                                                C              D

83. If her condition should improve, we inform you immediately.

      A                            B          C                  D

84. I don't want a brother or sister, unless it will happens, of course.

               A                         B                C          D

85. If you meet John, will tell him I want to see him.

                   A                   B                  C       D

 86. None of your friends really enjoyed themselves at the party, didn't they?

                              A                         B             C                                     D

87. If you borrow my coat, don't get it dirty, can you?

      A             B                           C                         D

88. You never work more than you have to, do you?

                  A       B               C                D

89. You made no effort to make friends with Darren, didn't you?

                 A             B         C                                               D

90. You sent that letter I gave you, haven't you?

        A      B      C                 D

Part IV. SPEAKING

Exercise 9. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct response to each of the following exchanges. 91. “____?" – "It's ten minutes' walk from here.”

A. How long does it take to get to the town centre?

B. Can you show me the way to the town centre?

C. How far is it from here to the town centre?

D. How can we get to the town centre?

92. “What a boring lecture!" - “____”

A. Yes, it was dull, wasn't it?                                    B. I don't agree. It's dull.

C. It's interesting, wasn't it?                                     D. I'm sorry not.

93. “I believe people will have a better life in the future.” - “____ Life will be more enjoyable than it is today, won't it?”

A. No, I don't think so.          B. Not exactly.            C. Yes, I agree.           D. You can't be right.

94. ” ____” – “That's right. London will be cleaner and more sustainable.”

A. This means there'll be no pollution, will there?

B. This means there'll be no pollution, won't there?

C. This means there won't be no pollution, will there?

D. This means there'll be no pollution, doesn't it?

95. "What's the weather forecast?” – “____”

A. Don't forget your raincoat, will you?    

B. Don't forget your raincoat, do you?

C. It's going to rain. Don't forget your raincoat, will you?

D. It's going to rain. Don't forget your raincoat, do you?

96. “Global warming will continue to be a big threat to life on earth.” – “____”

A. We can't afford to ignore its effects any longer.

B. Then we can't afford to ignore its effects any longer, can we?

C. So don't ignore its effects any longer.

D. Please don't ignore its effects any longer.

97. “Oh, I'm sorry! Am I disturbing you?” – “____”

A. Sure, you're a real nuisance!                   B. You're such a pain in the neck!

C. No, never mind.                                        D. No, you're OK.

98. “In 2050, London won't be a good place to live in, will it?” – “____”

A. Exactly, it will be.                                      B. On the contrary, it will be.

C. I'm sorry, it will be.                                   D. Unfortunately, it will be.

99. “I'm going to the supermarket now. Do you need anything?” – “____”

A. Get me some cheese and some oil, may you?

B. Get me some cheese and some oil, can't you?

C. Get me some cheese and some oil, could you?

D. Get me some cheese and some oil, couldn't you?

100. “I don't have any plans for tonight.” – “____”

A. Why not going to the cinema with me?                                     B. I suggest to go to the cinema.

C. Let's go to the cinema, shall we?                                                D. What if going to the cinema?

101. “What if I quit more than 3 sessions?” – “____”

A. You won't take the final exam.                                        B. You wouldn't take the final exam.

C. You wouldn't be able to take the final exam.                D. You can't take the final exam.

102. “____” – “Yes, I love it here. Everything I want is only five minutes away.”

A. It's convenient to live here, isn't it?                    B. It's comfortable to live here, isn't it?

C. It's inconvenient to live here, isn't it?                 D. It's uncomfortable to live here, isn't it?

103. “City dwellers are always so busy, aren't they?" – "____”

A. No, they aren't. Everybody's rushing about all the time.

B. Not really. Everybody's rushing about all the time.

C. I'm not sure. Everybody's rushing about all the time.

D. Yes, everybody's rushing about all the time.

104. “____” – “London's so big. It took me ages to find my way round.”

A. What about London?                                           B. What was London?          

C. How was London?                                                            D. How about London?

105. “Most cities aren't safe places to live, are they?" – "____”

A. No, I'm afraid. There are always what they call ‘no-go areas'.

B. Yes, they are. There are always what they call ‘no-go areas’.

C. Well, the opposite is true. There are always what they call ‘no-go areas’.

D. On the contrary. There are always what they call ‘no-go areas'.

Part V. READING

Exercise 10. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

MARRAKECH

Where can you go in January for almost guaranteed sunshine – without travelling for most of the day to get there? The answer is Marrakech in Morocco, a four-hour (106) ____ from Britain, where the average temperature is a pleasant 66°F.

Marrakech is a city of (107) ____ beauty, with its pink buildings and green palm trees contrasting with the snow-covered (108) ____ of the Atlas Mountains in the distance. For tourists, there's the added attraction of excellent food at reasonable prices, and high quality accommodation, such as Hotel La Momounia, (109) ____ as one of the top hotels in the world.

(110) ____ Marrakech is one of Morocco's busiest and most modern cities, the influence of the Middle Ages is still very evident. (111) ____ can admire the battlements, towers, and mosques, which were built (112) ____ centuries ago. And forget about shopping malls – for perfumes, fabrics, antiques, spices and crafts, (113) ____ the ‘souks’, open-air market places where you'll almost (114) ____ find something to take back home.

For those who want to (115) ____ sport Marrakech has plenty to offer. (116) ____ to golf and tennis, there is also skiing on the slopes of the high Atlas Mountains, where the (117) ____ of the surrounding area are quite spectacular. Alternatively, you could just relax by a heated swimming pool and dream of your next visit.

106. A. travel                                     B. trip                          C. flight                       D. voyage

107. A. big                             B. great                      C. large                       D. high

108. A. peaks                                     B. hills                         C. heads                     D. surfaces

109. A. thought                     B. regarded                C. believed                 D. guessed

110. A. Because                     B. However                C. Despite                   D. Although

111. A. Spectators                 B. Viewers                  C. Sightseers              D. Onlookers

112. A. several                       B. plenty                     C. other                      D. all

113. A. work out                   B. put up with                        C. head for                 D. make up for

114. A. likely                          B. certainly                 C. probably                D. possibly

115. A. do                              B. exercise                  C. take off                   D. go in

116. A. As well                       B. Apart                      C. In addition                         D. Moreover

117. A. visions                       B. views                      C. aspects                   D. appearances

Exercise 11. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

A NEW CAPITAL

When the new state of Pakistan was founded in 1947, Karachi acted as the capital city. However, it was difficult for Karachi to remain in this role due to a number of drawbacks such as the climate and the state of the existing buildings. Rather than try to overcome these drawbacks, the government decided to create a new capital city. In 1959, a commission was established to investigate the possible locations of this new city. The advisor appointed to the commission was Dr Doxiadis, a famous architect and city planner.

Dr Doxiadis and his colleagues looked at the various locations. They then produced a report suggesting two possible areas: one just outside Karachi and the other to the north of Rawalpindi. Both locations had advantages as well as disadvantages. Which site was it to be?

The choice between these two options was made after consideration of many factors, such as transportation, the availabilities of water, economic factors, and factors of national interest. Finally, the site north of Rawalpindi was chosen and on the 24th February 1960, the new capital was given the name of ‘Islamabad’ and a master plan was drawn up. This master plan divided the area into three different sections: Islamabad itself, neighbouring Rawalpindi, and the national park.

Each of these three sections had a different role. Islamabad would act as the national's capital and would serve its administrative and cultural needs, whereas Rawalpindi would remain the regional centre with industry and commerce. The third piece of the plan, the national park, was planned to provide space for education, recreation, and agriculture.

Today Islamabad is a thriving city of about 1 million people. It offers a healthy a pollution-free atmosphere, plenty of water, and many green spaces. Guide tree-lined streets, elegant public buildings, and well-organised bazaars and shopping centres. The new capital is a superb example of good urban planning.

118. Why was a commission founded in 1959?

A. to overcome the drawbacks of Karachi as a capital city

B. to create a new capital city for Pakistan

C. to look into possibilities of the locations for a new capital city

D. to appoint an advisor for planning the new capital city

119. How many places were suggested for the new capital city in the initial reports?

A. 1                             B. 2                              C. 3                             D. 4

120. Which of the following factors was NOT considered when choosing the location for the new capital city?

A. the climate and the state of the existing buildings

B. transportation and the availabilities of water

C. economic issues

D. issues of pational interest

121. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A. Islamabad would serve cultural needs.

B. Rawalpindi would be the regional centre with industry and commerce.

C. The national park would provide space for agriculture.

D. Islamabad would play the most important role of all.

122. What does the passage primarily describe?

A. The history of the two capital cities of Pakistan.

B. The disappearance of the old capital city of Pakistan.

C. The reasons why Islamabad became the new capital city of Pakistan.

D. The choice and development of Islamabad as the modern capital of Pakistan.

Exercise 12. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

LESSONS FROM CURITIBA

Urban planning deals with the physical, economic, and social development of cities. Today urban populations are increasing rapidly, and growing cities are putting enormous pressure on the environment. For this reason, the type of urban planning found in Curitiba, in southern Brazil, is more important than ever.

Curitiba is a fine example of how urban planning can work. This has not always been the case, however. At one time, Curitiba faced the same problems as many other cities all over the world, namely overcrowding, pollution, and an increased demand for services, transport, and housing. How, then, did Curitiba address these problems?

By the 1940s the population of Curitiba had grown to about 150,000 as immigrants from countries such as Japan, Syria, and Lebanon came to work in agriculture and industry. These people needed both housing and transportation. Curitiba's leaders realised that it was not sensible to deal with these problems separately. Consequently, they employed a French planner and architect, Alfred Agache, to find an overall solution.

Agache studied all aspects of the problem. He designed a scheme which gave priority to public services such as sanitation and public transport. At the same time, the scheme included centres which helped both community life and commerce to develop, and reduced traffic congestion. This was the first scheme to address several problems of growing cities at the same time. Unfortunately, some parts of his plan were not completed. The result, as described below, was that his scheme only served Curitiba for another 20 years.

By the 1960s, the population of Curitiba had grown to about 430,000 inhabitants, so the city had to rethink its needs. In order to do this, the mayor put together a team of architects and town planners led by Jaime Lerner. This team produced the Curitiba Master Plan. This consisted of taking Agache's original plan and adding wide, high-speed roads which crossed the smaller streets. Their proposals also included plans to minimise urban growth, reduce city centre traffic, and preserve the city's historic district. It is clear that the Curitiba Master Plan was one of the first attempts to integrate all aspects of city planning.

This integrated approach to urban design was maintained throughout the 1980s as Curitiba's population grew to almost one million inhabitants. Environmental facilities were added, such as a recycling programme for household waste, and parks and 'green' spaces were protected from development. However, good transportation remained central to the planning.

Good transportation still remains a priority, together with the needs for jobs. A growing population needs employment, so business parks and centres have been added to encourage new small businesses. All these changes will continue be the population of Curitiba increases, but its city planners are continually searching for solutions to the problems.

123. What aspect of development does urban planning NOT deal with?

A. physical development                                          B. technical development

C. economic development.                                      D. social development

124. How many problems are mentioned in the passage as commonly shared by many cities?

            A. 2                             B. 3                              C. 4                             D. 5

125. What was the main cause of the increase in Curitiba's population Delore the 1940s?

A. immigrants from rural areas                               B. workers in business park

C. immigrants from neighbouring countries                     D. immigrants from Japan, Syria, and Lebanon

126. In what ways was Agache’s approach different?

A. His scheme gave priority to public services.

B. His scheme included centres which helped both community life and commerce to develop.

C. His scheme reduced traffic congestion.

D. His scheme addressed several problems at the same time.

127. What did the Curitiba Master Plan do?

A. added better road system                                               B. reduced urban growth

C. prohibit city-centre traffic                                                D. all of the above

128. What was new about the approach to the planning in the 1980s?

A. It was an integrated approach.

B. Environmental facilities were introduced.

C. Good transportation was the key.

D. It provided housing for one million inhabitants.

129. The new thing about the current approach to urban planning is ____.

A. new small businesses                              B. good transport

C. the need for jobs                                      D. the appearance of business parks

130. Which statement best describes the author's opinion of the Curitiba experience of urban planning?

A. It was a complete success.

B. The challenges for urban planners in Curitiba were many.

C. Other city planners could benefit greatly from this experience.

D. It was a once-and-done plan.

Part VI. WRITING

Exercise 13. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

131. You use your mobile phone a lot, so you have large phone bills.

A. If you don't use your mobile phone a lot, you don't have large phone bills.

B. If you didn't use your mobile phone a lot, you wouldn't have large phone bills.

C. If you don't use your mobile phone a lot, you won't have large phone bills.

D. If you won't use your mobile phone a lot, you won't have large phone bills.

132. I think you should tell your parents the truth.

A. If I am you, I tell your parents the truth.

B. If I am you, I will tell your parents the truth.

C. If I were you, I would tell your parents the truth.

D. If I were you, I will tell your parents the truth.

133. My computer always crashes when a CD is inserted.

A. If I insert a CD, my computer will crash.

B. If I insert a CD, my computer crashes.

C. If you want my computer to crash, insert a CD.

D. Unless you want my computer to crash, insert a CD.

134. Water always boils when you heat it long enough.

A. If heated long enough, water boils.                    B. If water is heated long enough, it boils.

C. If you heat water long enough, it boils.             D. All are correct.

135. Plants and flowers can't live without water.

A. If you water plants and flowers, they can't live.

B. If you water plants and flowers, they will live.

C. If you don't water plants and flowers, they can't live.

D. Unless you water plants and flowers, they live.

Exercise 14. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

136. Researchers are developing low-cost devices. These devices can detect water pollutants in rivers and lakes.

A. Researchers are developing low-cost devices that can detect water pollutants in rivers and lakes.

B. Researchers are developing low-cost devices to detect water pollutants in rivers and lakes.

C. Researchers are developing low-cost devices so that they can detect water pollutants in rivers and lakes.

D. Researchers are developing low-cost devices who can detect water pollutants in rivers and lakes.

137. Urban planners carry out projects to develop a city. They look at the needs of local people and the environment when they do this.

A. While carrying out projects to develop a city, urban planners look at the needs of local people and the environment when they do this.

B. While carrying out projects to develop a city, urban planners look at the needs of local people and the environment.

C. If they carry out projects to develop a city, urban planners look at the needs of local people and the environment when they do this.

D. As carrying out projects to develop a city, urban planners look at the needs of local people and the environment.

138. Most Superstar City Dwellers are quite happy with their life and work. Barbara and Mark are quite happy, too.

A. Not only most Superstar City Dwellers are quite happy with their life and work but also Barbara and Mark are quite happy, too.

B. Most Superstar City Dwellers along with Barbara and Mark are quite happy with their life and work.

C. Like most Superstar City Dwellers, Barbara and Mark are quite happy with their life and work.

D. Barbara and Mark are like most Superstar City Dwellers because they are quite happy with their life and work.

139. Wastewater is treated and turned into drinking water. This is done to ensure there is no shortage of fresh water.

A. For there is shortage of fresh water, wastewater is treated and turned into drinking water.

B. Wastewater is treated and turned into drinking water because there is shortage of fresh water.

C. Wastewater is treated and turned into drinking water though there is no shortage of fresh water.

D. To ensure there is no shortage of fresh water, wastewater is treated and turned into drinking water.

140. The infrastructure of our city needs upgrading. It's in an extremely poor condition now.

A. The infrastructure of our city needs upgrading, for it's in an extremely poor condition now.

B. The infrastructure of our city needs upgrading though it's in an extremely poor condition now.

C. While the infrastructure of our city needs upgrading, it's in an extremely poor condition now.

D. The infrastructure of our city needs upgrading when it's in an extremely poor condition now.