Unit 6. GLOBAL WARMING

Part I. PHONETICS

Exercise 1. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

1. A. genius                B. gorilla                     C. global                     D. gases

2. A. pollution            B. poaching                C. physical                  D. pesticide

3. A. warming            B. warn                       C. walk                        D. wasn't

4. A. floor                   B. flood                       C. moorland               D. door

5. A. increase                         B. release                    C. please                     D. grease

Exercise 2. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

6. A. campaign          B. global                     C. balance                  D. carbon

7. A. natural               B. endangered           C. dangerous                         D. habitat

8. A. rainforest           B. tropical                   C. discover                 D. animal

9. A. pollution            B. continue                 C. enormous              D. disappear

10. A. devastated      B. environment          C. diversity                 D. ecology

Part II. VOCABULARY

Exercise 3. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

11. We need to cut down on the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

A. intake                     B. retake                     C. uptake                    D. discharge

12. Land erosion is mainly caused by widespread deforestation.

A. afforestation          B. reforestation          C. logging                  D. lawn mowing

13. In the past, a lot of countries denied having contributed to global warming.

A. agreed                    B. refuted                   C. approved               D. avoided

14. Most people admit that they contribute to global warming.

A. be partly responsible for             B. disapprove                         C. neglect                   D. cause

15. We must admit that people are heavily polluting the environment.

A. decline                   B. rebut                       C. deny                       D. accept

16. In the polluted environment, infectious diseases can be passed easily from one person to another.

A. fatal                        B. safe                         C. contagious                         D. immune

17. Global warming has severe impact on water supplies.

A. very good              B. very bad                 C. normal                   D. long-lasting

18. Global warming occurs when the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap the heat from the sun.

A. catch                       B. discharge               C. dispose                  D. release

19. Such unhygienic conditions encourage the spread of diseases.

A. decline                   B. stability                  C. decrease                D. increase

20. Deforestation is one of the biggest environmental threats to the ecological balance in the world.

A. sureties                  B. certainties              C. dangers                  D. safety

21. As fossil fuel resources are running out, it is important for the government to find some types of alternative energy.

A. irreplaceable         B. substitute               C. impossible                         D. practical

22. Local people have cut down the forests to make way for farming.

A. allow farming to take place                     B. lose way in farming

C. have a way of farming                             D. give way to farming

23. Because farmers had been informed about the bad effects of chemical fertilisers, they started using them sparingly on their farms.

A. carelessly               B. moderately                        C. recklessly               D. irresponsibly

24. Global warming is one of the biggest issues facing humans nowadays.

A. causes                    B. factors                    C. concerns                D. agreements

25. The biggest cause of global warming is carbon dioxide emissions from coal burning power plants.

A. fauna                      B. flora                        C. trees                       D. factories

26. Global warming effects on people and nature are catastrophic.

A. destructive                         B. constructive           C. evaluative              D. creative

27. Coal burning releases a large amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

A. discourages           B. reduces                  C. relaxes                    D. discharges

28. The demand for cars is increasing rapidly in the modern world.

A. need                       B. offer                        C . reply                      D. discovery

29. Forests absorb and capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

A. take up                   B. take in                    C. take over                D. take to

30. The process of forests absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere has been disrupted by the current alarming rate of deforestation.

A. discussed               B. discovered                         C. disturbed               D. distributed

31. Flood and drought are two major causes of famine.

A. family                     B. obesity                   C. hygiene                  D. hunger

32. Water shortages are likely to delay economic growth and damage ecosystems.

A. aid                          B. advance                  C. deter                       D. defer

33. It is important to maintain the biological diversity of the rainforests.

A. similarity                B. identity                   C. variety                    D. compatibility

34. We may help if we cut down on energy use by using LED lightbulbs and unplug unused electronic devices.

A. reuse                      B. reduce                    C. recycle                    D. reproduce

35. Reusing and recycling glass, plastic, paper and other products help to reduce waste and pollution, and conserve natural resources.

A. preserve                 B. reserve                   C. converse                D. reverse

36. The thick layer of global warming gases keeps more heat from the sun, which leads to the increase in the earth temperature.

A. catches                   B. releases                  C. allows                     D. loses

37. Global warming results in climate change and extreme weather patterns.

A. results from           B. causes                    C. originates              D. is due to

38. Our city is going to ban supermarkets from using plastic bags.

A. reduce                    B. encourage              C. prohibit                  D. allow

39. Many species are threatened with extinction due to deforestation and loss of habitat.

A. damaged               B. spoilt                      C. treated                   D. endangered

40. It is important to raise money to help people who have to suffer consequences of global warming.

A. collect                     B. donate                    C. sponsor                  D. contribute

41. Everyone should remember to switch off the lights before going out.

A. go off                     B. turn off                   C. take off                   D. log off

42. We may help to control global warming by reducing carbon footprints in our homes.

A. putting up with     B. getting down to    C. cutting down on               D. going back to

Exercise 4. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

43. Cutting down on energy use is the best way to help reduce global warming.

A. Shrinking               B. Declining                C. Decreasing                        D. Increasing

44. We should grow more trees so that they can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

A. emit                        B. take in                    C. consume                D . cut off

45. Releasing too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere can lead to global warming.

A. result in                  B. result from                         C. cause                      D. activate

46. Farmers turned to bio-fertilisers after they had been told about the dangers of chemical fertilisers.

A. trusted                   B. disbelieved                        C. counted on                        D. depended on

47. The factory owner denied having said that he should take responsibility for the damage that his factory caused to the surrounding environment.

A. refuted                   B. rejected                  C. opposed                 D. accepted

48. Some scientists are accused of not having reported the effects of climate change.

A. exonerated                        B. blamed                   C. charged                  D. complained

49. They were criticised for having acted irresponsibly towards the environment.

A. blamed                   B. commended                      C. condemned                       D. denounced

50. The factory was fined for having dumped a huge amount of rubbish into the river.

A. penalised               B. levied                      C. compensated                    D. punished

Part III. GRAMMAR

Exercise 5. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

51. With clear evidence, his company couldn't deny having dump a large quantity of toxins into the sea.

                        A                                                          B             C                                                       D

 

52. Humans now have to suffer the effects of global warming due to having treat the environment irresponsibly.

                                A                                        B                           C                               D

53. Having denied the responsibility for the environmental it caused, the factory was forced to close down.

                A                              B                                  C                                                      D

54. Having been warn about the relationship between climate change and the spread of infectious diseases,

                  A                                                                   B                                                       C

everyone should get vaccinated.

                                      D

55. These companies were accused on having released a large amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

                  A                              B                    C                                                                                 D

56. Having deciding on the topic of the presentation, he started finding relevant information for it.

                 A                                         B                            C                                                           D

57. Having known about the harmful affects the company had on our neighbourhood, we decided to boycott its

                A                                          B                                  C                                                                 D

products.

58. Having signed an agreement to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, we were determined to help reduced

                A                                          B                                                                      C                      D

global warming.

59. Having identified the most urgent environmental problems, they start working out all possible solutions.

                 A                             B                                                          C                 D

60. Having spent all their saving money, they started do some odd jobs to make ends meet.

              A                                  B                             C                                                 D

61. Having cutting down many trees in the area, now the people here have to suffer really hot summers.

               A                                                 B                                                C                       D

62. Having decided to use public transport instead private transport, we were determined to reduce carbon

                A                                                      B                                                         C                      D

footprints.

63. Having cycled to work every day, I become more responsibly for the environmental issues.

              A                                B                                        C                                       D

64. Having watched TV programmes about the farmers' careless use of chemical fertilisers on they crops, many

                   A                                         B                                                                                            C

citizen dwellers decided to grow their own vegetables.

                                    D

65. Having suffered water shortage in the past, we are all very economic on using water.

                   A                                           B                                    C                  D

66. Having change our attitude to nature, we started changing our behaviours as well.

              A                                B                                 C                         D

Exercise 6. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

67. The president of the company officially apologised to the local residents ____ having dumped a large amount of raw sewage in the area.

A. about                      B. with                        C. at                            D. for

68. The factory was accused ____ having caused higher level of pollution to the environment.

A. about                      B. on                           C. of                            D. for

69. We all admire him ____ having changed both his attitude and behaviours towards the environmental issues.

A. about                      B. for                           C. with                                    D. at

70. Human activities are also blamed ____ having contributed to global warming.

A. for                           B. on                           C. at                            D. with

71. We congratulated him ____ having invented an energy-saving device.

A. for                           B. at                             C. about                      D. on

72. He was criticised ____ not having put the elephant poachers in jail.

A. at                            B. about                      C. for                           D. on

73. His company was punished ____ not having dumped the rubbish properly.

A. by                           B. for                           C. about                                  D. because of

74. The city mayor praised all voluntary students ____ having cleaned the playgrounds for the children.

A. for                           B. because of                         C. at                            D. due to

75. He thanked us ____ having contributed to cleaning the surrounding environment.

A. on                           B. to                            C. with                                                D. for

76. He was suspected ____ having received presents from the local companies and ignored their violations of the environmental law.

A. about                      B. on                           C. of                                        D. for

77. Even when arrested, he denied ____ cut down that tree.

A. has                          B. having                    C. have                                   D. have had

78. Those farmers admitted ____ having used more chemical fertilisers than needed.

A. on                           B. about                      C. for                           D. to

79. He forgot ____ promised to cut down on the carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.

A. to promise                         B. have                        C. having                    D. had

80. I remembered having ____ off the lights before leaving home.

A. switched                B. switch                     C. switching               D. switches

81. He regretted not ____ registered for military service last spring.

A. have                       B. having                    C. having had                                    D. having done

82. The local residents suspected the authorities ____ having kept the pollution level secret from the local people.

A. about                      B. on                           C. of                            D. for

83. He denied having polluted the environment, ____ no one believed him.

A. however                 B. despite                   C. but                          D. in spite of

84. Thank you for having ____ the information about global warming.

A. shared                    B. sharing                   C. share                      D. shares

85. He regretted ____ killed and eaten several rare species.

A. to have                   B. having                    C. have                       D. has

86. His company was fined ____ dumped tons of toxic waste near the residential area.

A. to have                   B. because of having                         C. for having                          D. of having

87. These students were rewarded ____ actively taken part in voluntary activities.

A. with                        B. before                     C. on having                          D. for having

88. She was praised ____ donated a lot of money to the wildlife protection organisation.

A. for having              B. to have                   C. because of having                        D. due to having

89. I remember ____ advised you to stop hunting endangered animals.

A. to have                   B. having                    C. have                       D. had

90. The local authorities were blamed ____ ignored the pollution issues in the area.

A. about having         B. on having               C. for having                          D. before having

Part IV. SPEAKING

Exercise 7. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct response to each of the following exchanges. Two friends Nam and Lan are talking about the topic of global warming.

91. Nam: What are the main threats to the environment today?

      Lan: ____

A. Threats are possible dangers to the environment.

B. Probably deforestation and global warming.

C. Environmental pollution is a big issue for our planet

D. We need a clean environment to live in.

92. Lan: How can ordinary people help protect the environment?

      Nam: ____

A. What can ordinary people do to help the environment?

B. Environment really needs our help.

C. We may use environmentally-friendly products.

D. Both governments and individuals are to blame on.

93. Nam: Do you do anything to protect the environment?

      Lan: ____

A. I refuse to use plastic bags and try to recycle as much as possible.

B. I use a lot of plastic bags and containers to save the environment.

C. I'm not interested in the subject of environment.

D. I don't want to change my lifestyle.

94. Lan: What solution to air pollution can you suggest?

      Nam: ____

A. Air pollution is really serious these days.

B. Smoke from factory chimneys pollutes the air.

C. Air pollution causes acid rain.

D. People should use public means of transport.

95. Nam: What is the biggest environmental problem facing our country?

      Lan: ____

A. Too much toxic sewage is dumped at sea.

B. All countries face environmental problems.

C. No one can help protect the environment.

D. Our country is facing the biggest environmental problem.

96. Nam: Is global warming a problem in our country?

      Lan: ____

A. Global warming is getting more and more serious.

B. Governments are closely working together to solve environmental problems.

C. Global warming causes sea level to rise.

D. Probably. The temperatures are getting hotter year by year in the area.

97. Nam: What causes global warming?

      Lan: ____

A. Changes in weather patterns resulting from global warming.

B. Too much carbon dioxide being trapped in the atmosphere.

C. Catastrophic consequences of global warming.

D. Common global warming consequences.

98. Nam: What are the consequences of global warming?

      Lan: ____

A. Global warming causes many consequences.

B. Consequences of global warming is catastrophic.

C. Icebergs melt and low-lying areas are flooded.

D. More trees are being cut down.

99. Nam: Why is global warming a problem?

      Lan: ____

A. People find it difficult to adapt to the changes in the weather patterns.

B. Global warming can benefit people in certain areas.

C. There's no need to worry about global warming.

D. Global warming is a very interesting topic for presentation.

100. Nam: What are global warming gases?

        Lan: ____

A. Global warming gases are mainly man-made.

B. Global warming gases are everywhere.

C. The amount of carbon dioxide is increasing.

D. Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane.

101.Lan: What can government do to punish factories that violate environmental law?

       Nam: ____

A. So many of them are polluting the environment.

B. Yes, I think a big fine would be relevant.

C. They may force those factories to close down.

D. There are no factories in this region.

102. Lan : Who has to suffer global warming effects the most?

        Nam: ____

A. What are global warming effects?

B. Maybe poor people in low-lying areas.

C. All people suffer from global warming.

D. Only few people benefit from global warming.

103. Lan: How can we help to fight deforestation?

        Nam: ____

A. We may recycle paper and buy recycled paper products.

B. We may cut down trees at an alarming rate.

C. We should only cut branches of big trees.

D. We should set up animal ranches near forests.

104. Nam: What will happen if the low-lying areas are flooded?

        Lan: ____

A. Low-lying areas are often flooded.

B. Flood happens when water level rises.

C. Low-lying areas can never be flooded.

D. People in these regions will have to face a lot of problems.

105. Lan: What do you do to help the environment?

        Nam: ____

A. It is the responsibility of the government.

B. I try to recycle more and reduce carbon footprint.

C. Everyone can protect the environment.

D. Environment helps people live comfortably.

Part V. READING

Exercise 8. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME

We are probably all (106) ____ at some point in our lives of not caring for the environment as much as we should. Perhaps we drop litter without thinking, or cause (107) ____ by using our cars when it's not necessary. However, the real environmental (108) ____ are those big businesses which ignore the law. For many years now, (109) ____ have attempted to protect the environment by making businesses responsible for making sure that the chemical they use don't add to the (110) ____ of the environment. The problem for businesses is that the (111) ____ of the environment costs money, and businesses will always try to (112) ____ their costs if they can. Some of them do this by simply putting chemical into rivers when they have finished with them, leading to the (113) ____ of major problems. Although government (114) ____ may try to catch them doing it, it can be very difficult to get (115) ____ that a particular business is responsible for an environmental problem. It really depends (116) ____ not only the government but also businesses and individuals as well. All people need to contribute to (117) ____

the environment.

106. A. guilty                                     B. proud                     C. sorry                       D. tired

107. A. damage                     B. pollution                C. . accidents             D. trouble

108. A. agents                       B. crimes                    C. criminals                D. doers

109. A. politicians                 B. politics                    C. parties                    D. residents

110. A. induction                   B. construction          C. instruction                         D. destruction

111. A. production                B. protection              C. destruction                        D. deforestation

112. A. stabilise                     B. raise                        C. lower                      D. save

113. A. creation                     B. creativity                C. creator                   D. creature

114. A. suspicion                   B. suspect                   C. inspection              D. inspectors

115. A. improvement                       B. proof                      C. waterproof                        D. prove

116. A. over                           B. at                             C. on                           D. in

117. A. protecting                 B. protect                    C. protected               D. protection

Exercise 9. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The costs and benefits of global warming will vary greatly from area to area. For moderate climate change, the balance can be difficult to assess. But the larger the change in climate, the more negative the consequences will become. Global warming will probably make life harder, not easier, for most people This is mainly because we have already built enormous infrastructure based on the climate we now have.

People in some temperate zones may benefit from milder winters, more abundant rainfall, and expanding crop production zones. But people in other areas will suffer from increased heat waves, coastal erosion, rising sea le more erratic rainfall, and droughts.

The crops, natural vegetation, and domesticated and wild animals (including seafood) that sustain people in a given area may be unable to adapt to local or regional changes in climate. The ranges of diseases and insect pests that are limited by temperature may expand, if other environmental conditions are also favourable.

In its summary report on the impacts of climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change stated, "Taken as a whole, the range of published evidence indicates that the net damage costs of climate change are likely to be significant and to increase over time.”

118. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Environment pollution is real.                 B. Reasons why low-lying areas are flooded.

C. Solutions to global warming.                  D. Reasons why global warming is a problem.

119. Which of the following is TRUE as the result of global warming?

A. All people suffer from global warming.                         B. All people benefit from global warming.

C. Life is more difficult for the majority of people.                       D. Life is easier for most people.

120. In paragraph 1, the word “this” refers to ____.

A. harder life as a result of global warming                       B. easier life as a result of global warming

C. climate change on global scale                           D. flood in low-lying areas

121. In paragraph 2, the word “erratic” is closest in meaning to ____.

A. predictable            B. unpredictable                    C. changeable                        D. unchangeable

122. According to the passage, all of the following are the results of global warming EXCEPT ____.

A. higher temperature                                                          B. coastal erosion

C. increasing sea level                                                          D. stable rainfall

123. What may happen to diseases and insect pests as a result of global warming?

A. They will become extinct.                                                B. They will increase in number.

C. They will not harm our planet.                            D. They will be under good control.

Exercise 10. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The Amazon rainforest is home to more than a third of all the world's species of plants, birds and animals. Twenty per cent of all the birds in the world live in the rainforest. Scientists have discovered thousands of types of plants and animals that can only be found there. There are thousands - probably millions more that we haven't discovered yet. There are at least 2.5 million species of insects there. Imagine what would happen if they all lost their home? It couldn't happen, could it? Unfortunately, it's happening right now. Yet, the rainforest is big. But it's getting smaller. The problem is that people are cutting down the trees, mainly to make room for cows. These provide meat and make money for their owners. This process of cutting down trees is called ‘deforestation'.

The good news is that it is slowing down. In 2004, for example, more than 27,000 square kilometres were cut down. That's an area bigger than Wales. In 2006, because of all the campaigns to save rainforest, it dropped to just over 13,000 square kilometres. The bad news is that it's not enough. Scientists predict that by 2030, the rainforest will have become smaller by 40%. It's possible that by the end of the 21st century, the rainforest will have completely disappeared. With deforestation, thousands of the animals, birds, fish and plants that live in the Amazon rainforest lose their home, their natural habitat. Some of them move to other areas, but most of them die. Many species have already become extinct, and many more will if deforestation continues. That will change the balance of life in the rainforest and could cause enormous problems to the region's ecosystem.

There's another problem too. Trees and plants are a vital source of oxygen. If we cut them down, we lose that oxygen. But it's worse than just that. With deforestation, the trees and plants are burnt. This sends gases into the Earth's atmosphere, which stops some of the Earth's heat escaping. That then leads to the temperature here on the ground going up. This increase in the world's temperature is called 'global warming', and most scientists believe it's a very serious issue. If they stopped deforestation, it might help prevent global warming.

124. Which title best summarises the main idea of the passage?

A. Chances for owners of cow ranches                  B. Threats to Amazon rainforest

C. Global warming effects                                        D. Habitat destruction

125. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

A. A fifth of all the birds in the world live in the rainforest.

B. 20% of all the animals in the world live in the rainforest.

C. Nearly two million species of insects are found in the Amazon rainforest.

D. Nearly half of the world's species of plants grow there.

126. In paragraph 1, the word "room” is closest in meaning to ____.

A. chamber                B. flat                          C. area                                    D. studio

127. In paragraph 2, the word "it” refers to ____.

A. room                      B. process                   C. rainforest               D. deforestation

128. According the passage, which of the following is TRUE about Amazon rainforest?

A. It has become smaller by 40%.                           B. The deforestation is decreasing.

C. 25% of animal species are extinct now.             D. The deforestation is under control.

129. In paragraph 2, the word “enormous” is closest in meaning to ____.

A. serious                   B. important               C. common                D. insignificant

130. What might help to restrain global warming?

A. increasing deforestation                                      B. stabilising deforestation

C. ceasing cutting down trees                                 D. clearing more trees for farming

Part VI. WRITING

Exercise 11. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

131. Having seen people suffer global warming consequences, we decided to reduce carbon footprints.

A. We decided to reduce carbon footprints before seeing people suffer global warming consequences.

B. We saw people suffer global warming consequences after we decided to reduce carbon footprints.

C. We decided to cut down on carbon footprints after we saw people suffer global warming consequences.

D. We decided to cut down on carbon footprints before we saw people suffer global warming consequences.

132. Climate change leads to numerous catastrophic consequences.

A. Numerous catastrophic consequences result in climate change.

B. Numerous catastrophic consequences result from climate change.

C. Climate change results from numerous catastrophic consequences.

D. Numerous catastrophic consequences cause climate change.

133. The increase in earth's temperature can cause heat-related illnesses.

A. Heat-related illnesses result from the increase in earth's temperature.

B. Heat-related illnesses result in the increase in earth's temperature.

C. Heat-related illnesses lead to the increase in earth's temperature.

D. Heat-related illnesses trigger the increase in earth's temperature.

134. Carbon dioxide is one of the primary greenhouse gases that cause global warming.

A. Carbon dioxide is the only greenhouse gas that causes global warming.

B. Global warming results in greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide.

C. One of the main greenhouse gases that lead to global warming is carbon dioxide.

D. Global warming causes greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide.

135. Planting trees can contribute to reducing global warming.

A. Global warming can't be controlled by planting trees.

B. Planting trees is the only way to control global warming.

C. Planting trees can accelerate global warming.

D. Planting trees can help reduce global warming.

Exercise 12. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

136. He said that he would take responsibility for his company's damage to the area. But then he denied that.

A. Having denied his company's damage, he took responsibility for it.

B. He denied having damaged to his company's area.

C. He denied having taken responsibility for the damage to his company's area.

D. He denied having said that he would take responsibility for his company's damage to the area.

137. He donated a lot of money to environmental protection campaigns. He was admired for that.

A. Unless he donated a lot of money to environmental protection campaigns, he was admired.

B. He was admired for having donated a lot of money to environmental protection campaigns.

C. If he had donated a lot of money to environmental protection campaigns, he would have been admired.

D. If he donates a lot of money to environmental protection campaigns, he will be admired.

138. They decided to cut down their carbon footprints. They were praised for that.

A. They were praised for having decided to decrease their carbon footprints.

B. They were not punished for having decided to decrease their carbon footprints.

C. Unless they decided to cut down their carbon footprints, they were praised for that.

D. If they decided to cut down their carbon footprints, they would be praised for that.

139. We have advised you on how to cut down your energy use. We remember that.

A. We can no longer remember having advised you on how to decrease your energy use.

B. We remember having advised you on how to maintain your energy use.

C. We remember having advised you on how to decrease your energy use.

D. We remember to have advised you on how to decrease your energy use.

140. Some scientists have distorted the effects of climate change. They were accused of that.

A. Some scientists were accused of having falsify the effects of climate change.

B. Some scientists were accused of having been honest about the effects of climate change.

C. Although some scientists have distorted the effects of climate change, they were not accused.

D. Some scientists were accused of having falsified the effects of climate change.