B. GRAMMAR REVIEW

I. REPORTED SPEECH

1. Statement: Câu tường thuật

Form: S + asked / told sb + that + Mệnh đề lùi thì

Ex:       “I will come back tomorrow” Mary said.

Mary said that she would come back the next day.

Note: said => said that / said to sb => told sb that

2. Command: Câu yêu cầu, đề nghị

Form: S+ asked / told + sb + (not) + to V

Ex:       “Don't talk in class” The teacher said to us.

The teacher told us not to talk in class.

3. Yes / No Questions

Form: S + asked + (sb) + if / whether + Mệnh đề lùi thì

Ex:       "Can you speak English, Diep?" I asked.

I asked Diep if she could speak English.

4. Wh-Question

Form: S + asked + (sb) + Wh + Mệnh đề lùi thì

Ex:       “Where are you from?” He asked me

He asked me where I were from.

5. Không lùi thì

Form: S+ V (hiện tại) + (sb) + Mệnh để không lùi thì

Ex:       “I'm very exhausted now” she says.

She says she is very exhausted now.

* BẢNG LÙI THÌ

DIRECT SPEECH	REPORTED SPEECH
Simple present	Simple past
Present continuous	Past continuous
Present perfect	Past perfect
Simple past	Past perfect
Past continuous	Past perfect continuous
Future (will/shall)	Future in the past (would/ should)
Near future (be going to V)	Was/were going to V
Can May Must Needn’t	Could Might Had to Didn’t have to

* BẢNG LÙI TRẠNG NGỮ

DIRECT SPEECH	REPORTED SPEECH
this	that
these	those
here	there
now	then
ago	before (earlier)
today	that day
tonight	that night
tomorrow	the next day the following day the day after
yesterday	the previous day the day before
next + N	the following + N the N + after
last + N	the previous + N the N + before

PART 2: EXERCISES

A. PHONETICS

I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.

1. A. government                    B. borrowing               C. program                  D. promotion

2. A. polar                               B. land                        C. impact                     D. animal

3. A. possession                      B. access                     C. property                  D. American

4. A. release                            B. easy                        C. threat                      D. increase

5. A. preserve                          B. conserve                 C. fossil                       D. discuss

II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.

1. A. protection                       B. charity                    C. chemical                 D. neighbourhood

2. A. submarine                       B. assignment              C. disposal                  D. depletion

3. A. chemical                         B. solution                   C. disposal                  D. erosion

4. A. scientist                          B. chemical                 C. injury                      D. announcement

5. A. evidence                         B. principle                  C. allergy                     D. awareness

B. VOCABUALRY AND GRAMMAR

I. Change into the reported speech.

1. He said “I have already read this book”.

    He said that he had already read that book.

2. Tom said to his sister “I want to buy a gift for our mother”.

    Tom told his sister that he wanted to buy a gift for thier mother.                                                                   

3. Mrs Brown said “Where are they living?"

    Mrs Brown asked where they were living.

4. “Do you know the girl over there?" Tom said.

    Tom asked me if I knew the girl over there.

5. Mother said "Nam, why don't you go to bed?”

    Mother told Nam not to go to bed.

6. “May I use your telephone?" said my neighbor.

    My neighbor asked me to use my telephone.

7. The manager said “Come into my office, please?

    The manager asked to come in to his office.

8. “Do not get off the bus while it's going” said the driver.

    The driver asked us not to get off the bus while it was going.

9. She asked to the little boy "Take a look at yourself in the mirror!”

    She told the little boy to take a look at himself in the mirror.

10. “Don't put your elbow on the table!” he said.  

      He asked me not to put my elbow on the table.

II. Put the correct word for the sentences below.

deforestation	preserve	greenhouse effect	fossil fuels
damage	depletion	pollute	global warming

1. The ____ greenhouse effect _____ occurs when the earth's atmosphere traps certain gases such as carbon dioxide as well as water vapour. This makes the earth's surface warmer.

2. ______Damage________ is harm or injury that makes something less valuable or able to function.

3. To ______ preserve ________ is to keep and protect something from damage, change or waste.

4. ____ Fossil fuels ______ are non-renewable energy sources such as coal, fuel oil and natural gas formed from dead plants and animals underground.

5. ___ Global warming ____ is the gradual increase of temperature on the earth's surface due to greenhouse effect.

6. ______ Depletion ______ is the using up or reducing something like energy or resources.

7. To _____pollute_______ is to make air, water, or soil dirty or unclean.

8. ____ Deforestation _____ is the removal or cutting down of all trees in an area for urban use and farm lands.

III. Choose the correct words in the bracket to complete the sentences.

preserved	forestation	confused	erosion
global	environment	attraction	environmental

1. Scientists have tried to assess the impact of human activities on the ______ environment ______.

2. We should have ____ forestation ____ plans to replace the trees cut down for farmland use in the region.

3. Oceanic oil spills become a major ____ environmental _____ problem, chiefly a result of intensified petroleum exploitation.

4. The rhino habitat has been perfectly _____ preserved _____ in the region.

5. The students are somewhat ____ confused ___ by the usage of the words “preservation” and “conservation”.

6. Many climatologists believe that the decline in mountain glaciers is one of the first observation signs of _____global____ warming.

7. Rising sea levels can add to the _____ erosion _______ of our coastlines.

8. Waste water has polluted seas and lakes surrounding tourist ____ attraction _____, damaging the flora and fauna.

IV. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.

1. In banana plantations, flooding occurs partly because of  deforestation and partly because of poorly ____constructed____ drainage systems. 2. African and Asian elephant numbers feel dramatically in the 19th and 20th centuries, ___largely_____ due to the ivory trade and habitat loss. 3. The environmental consequences of large dams are numerous, including direct impacts to the biological, chemical and _____physical______ properties of rivers. 4. In areas with high concentrations of tourist activities and attractive natural attractions, waste ______disposal______ is a serious problem. 5. Unlike pesticides, ______fertilizers_____ are not directly toxic but their presence in fresh water changes the nutrient system. 6. ___Erosion_____ caused by deforestation can also lead to increased flooding. 7. The Earth's natural resources should be consumed at a ____sustainable___ level. 8. Dealing with resource _____depletion______ requires a broad range of strategies. 9. Experts predict that the world's rain forests could completely disappear in 100 years at the current rate of ____deforestation_____. 10. Mining is an extractive industry, often with huge ____environmental____ and social impacts.

CONSTRUCT   LARGE   PHYSICS     DISPOSE   FERTILIZE   ERODE   SUSTAIN   DEPLETE   DEFOREST   ENVIRONMENT

V. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

1. Jack asked me ____.

A. where do you come from?                                                 B. where I came from

C. where I come from                                                 D. where did I come from?

2. She asked me ____ I liked pop music.

A. when                      B. what                       C. if                             D. x

3. The doctor ____ him to take more exercise.

A. told                         B. tell                          C. have told                D. are telling

4. I wanted to know ____ return home.

A. when would she     B. when will she         C. when she will         D. when she would

5. Claire told me that her father ____ a race horse.

A. owns                       B. owned                    C. owning                   D. A and B

6. What did that man say ____?

A. at you                     B. for you                    C. to you                     D. you

7. I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it ____ raining there.

A. is                             B. were                        C. has been                  D. was

8. The builders have ____ that everything will be ready on time.

A. promised                B. promise                   C. promises                 D. promising

9. The doctor ____ him to take more exercise.

A. told                         B. tell                          C. have told                D. are telling

10. The last time I saw Linda, she looked very relaxed. She explained she'd been on holiday the ____ week.

A. ago                         B. following                C. next                        D. previous

11. Fossil fuels which are non-renewable pollute the air and cause air ____.

A. pollution                 B. solution                   C. contaminate            D. consumption

12. Recycling provides a method of reducing the amount of waste materials that gets to the landfills - thus ____ it less probable for environmental pollution to take place.

A. making                   B. doing                      C. causing                   D. trying

13. If wastes are thrown ____, they can cause pollution in water, land and air.

A. inappropriately       B. disappointingly       C. eco-friendly            D. favourably

14. Trees not only bring nature to urban areas, but they also help clean the air by absorbing pollutants, ____ oxygen, ____ water, and grow food.

A. to provide - to save                        B. to provide - save        C. providing - saving           D. provide - save

15. Air pollution is such a serious ____ that it has been a direct factor in the ____ of millions of people each year.

A. threat - death          B. threat - deaths        C. threaten - death                  D. threaten - deaths

16. Sometimes it's better not to buy something new, and buy it ____ instead.

A. used                        B. usable                     C. use                          D. useful

17. He asked the children ____ the river.

A. don't pollute           B. if they don't pollute            C. not to pollute          D. not polluting

18. They asked me how many students ____ in the school.

A. there were              B. were there               C . there are                 D. are there

19. He told me that ____.

A. he would participate in the conservation campaign yesterday

B. he had participated in the conservation campaign the previous day

C. he participated in the conservation campaign the previous day

D. he has participated in the conservation campaign the previous day

20. He asked, “Why did she write the article on conservation?”

      He asked why  ____.

A. she had written the article on conservation           B. she has written the article on conservation

C. she wrote the article on conservation                     D. did she write the article on conservation

VI. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed to make the sentence correct.

1. The (A) deplete of the ozone layer (B) is not (C) a good thing (D) for the Earth. → depletion

2. We (A) need (B) to protect the (C) environmental for the (D) next generation. → environment

3. Deforestation will lead (A) to the extinction of rare (B) animal due to the loss of (C) their habitats, and (D) extreme floods and land erosion. → animals

4. (A) Worldwide rainforest (B) preserve has (C) been the aim (D) of many environmentalists. → preservation

5. (A) Person should (B) make efforts to preserve the environment (C) for the sake of (D) themselves and their children. → People

6. Environmental (A) pollute is (B) one of the greatest and most urgent (C) problems in modern (D) times. → pollution

7. Many countries (A) have signed up to international agreements (B) which aim (C) to reduce the negative (D) impaction of climate change. → impact

8. (A) Any amateur (B) gardener knows (C) plantation need two things (D) to survive: sunlight and water. → plants

C. READING

I. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage. Use only one word in each space.

home	balance	way	warming	forests
ecosystems	value	of	amount	life

PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY

Protecting biodiversity is now very essential since biodiversity is crucial for reducing climate pollution. If we don't protect biodiversity, the effects could be as harmful as the effects of global (1) ____warming____ itself. This is especially true with tropical (2) ____forests_____ - they are critical to fighting climate change and (3) ____home___ to more species than any other ecosystem type. In other words, protecting biodiversity is essential for our well-being, and biodiversity helps to (4) _____balance______ the nature.

Biodiversity is an important part of sustainable development. As we know, sustainable development is considered as a major target for industry as well as planning system. However, the only (5) ____way_____ to achieve this target is to protect biodiversity. Tiny plants that grow also absorb large (6) ____amount_____ of carbon dioxide. That is why protecting diversity is essential.

In fact, biodiversity protection is very much important since biodiversity is a fundamental component of (7) ___life____ on Earth. It creates complex (8) ____ecosystems____ that could never be reproduced by humans. The (9) ___value__ of that biodiversity is immeasurable, and thus must be protected. Finally, we both want and need biodiversity. We continue harming the natural environment without realizing the impact. We should be aware (10) ____of___ protecting biodiversity.

II. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.

World Environment Day which is (1) ____ on 5^th June every year in an important day in the calendar of the United Nations. It is one of the ways the United Nations uses to advocate for environmental (2) ____ and call for political action.

Every year, UNEP (the Environment Program of the United Nations) develops a theme which is used globally to raise (3) ____ and call for support from governments, organizations, and individuals from all over the world.

The theme for 2015 was "Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care”. This would also serve as the slogan for the World Environmental Day 2015. The meeting of this theme and slogan is that we have five (4) ____ with more than seven billion people combined. Although we have about 7 billion people, we just have one planet that we live and survive. The surface area is limited, shelter and food also limited. If we continue using the available natural (5) ____ as we do today, our future generations may be (6) ____ to go hungry and without homes. This is why it is of vital importance to consume (7) ____food that is available with care. Stop the wastage and use whatever resource that is available according to need, not greed.

“Join the race to make the world a better place” is the theme and (8) ____ for 2016 UN World Environment Day. This slogan (9) ____ a clear message and asks everyone to get involved (10) ____ making the world a better place to live in.

1. A. found                 B. acted                       C. held                        D. celebrated

2. A. experience          B. protection               C. decrease                  D. pollution

3. A. feature                B. activity                   C. ability                     D. awareness

4. A. areas                   B. continents               C. plants                      D. stars

5. A. sources               B. resources                 C. balances                  D. increase

6. A. had                     B. made                       C. forced                     D. accused

7. A. which                 B. whatever                 C. who                        D. what

8. A. slogan                 B. flag                                     C. poster                      D. brand

9. A. requests              B. asks                         C. carries                     D. depends

10. A. from                 B. to                            C. within                     D. in

D. WRITING

I. Change into the reported speech.

1. Mr Jones gave the people gloves and said to them: "Protect yourselves from germs."

    Mr Jones gave the people gloves and told them to protect themselves from germs.

2. Nam said, "The environment is severely affected by pollution."

    Nam said (that) the environment was severely affected by pollution.

3. Mai said, "The burning of fossil fuels leads to air pollution."

    Mai said (that) the burning of fossil fuels led to air pollution.

4. Peter said, "Intensive insecticide and pesticide sprays in agriculture make the soil contaminated."

    Peter said (that) intensive insecticide and pesticide sprays in agriculture make the soil contaminated.

5. "It's confusing because there are too many web pages about the environment" Nam said.

    Nam said that it was confusing because there were too many web pages about the environment.

6. "Air pollution is one of the causes of the greenhouse effect" scientists said.

    Scientists said that air pollution was one of the causes of the greenhouse effect.

7. "Pollution is one of the problems in my neighbourhood" Nam said.

    Nam said that pollution was one of the problems in his neighbourhood.

8. "More people are aware of the preservation of natural resources" the editor said.

    The editor said that more people were aware of the preservation of natural resources.

9. "We are discussing the protection of the natural environment" the students told their teacher.

    The students told their teacher that they were discussing the protection of the natural environment.

10. "Use the web search engine to find the information that you need" Nam's father told him.

      Nam’s father told him to use the web search engine to find the information that he needed.

II. Change into the reported speech.

1. Mr Jones was very sad and said "All this rubbish is killing fish and other sea creatures."

    Mr Jones was very sad and said that all that rubbish was killing fish and other sea creatures.

2. "We can clean the beach together." said Nick.

    Nick said that they could clean the beach together.

3. "I'll ask our friends and neighbours to come and help us" Mary said to them.

    Mary told them that she would ask their friends and neighbours to come and help them.

4. "I'm so happy to hear that, children" Mr Jones said to his children.

    Mr Jones told his children that he was so happy to hear that.

5. Tony said "The disposal of untreated sewage in rivers and oceans leads to water pollution."

    Tony said (that) the disposal of untreated sewage in rivers and oceans led to water pollution.

6. Mary said "Loud and annoying sounds from innumerable vehicles in the highway nearby cause noise pollution."

    Mary said (that) loud and annoying sounds from innumerable vehicles in the highway nearby cause noise pollution.

7. Mai said "The rising sea level is product of global warming, a natural phenomenon. The only unnatural thing about global warming is the accelerated rate at which it is happening."

    Mai said (that) the rising sea level was product of global warming, a natural phenomenon. The only unnatural thing about global warming was the accelerated rate at which it was happening.

8. Linda said "Environmental pollution is an impact of human activities on the environment."

    Linda said (that) environmental pollution was an impact of human activities on the environment.

PART 3: TEST YOURSELF

I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.

1. A. book                   B. look                        C. floor                        D. good

2. A. contaminate        B. natural                    C. damage                   D. area

3. A. hate                    B. mate                        C. cake                        D. manage

4. A. contaminate        B. deforest                  C. pollute                    D. protect

5. A. pesticide             B. impact                     C. focus                       D. practical

II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.

1. A. composer            B. invention                C. position                   D. volunteer

2. A. pesticide             B. influence                 C. invention                D. violence

3. A. energy                B. influence                 C. animal                     D. employment

4. A. pollution             B. depletion                C. property                  D. confusion

5. A. advantage           B. editor                      C. solution                   D. pollutant

III. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

1. Yesterday, Laura ____ him to put some shelves up.

A. asked                      B. is asking                              C. ask                          D. was asked

2. Tom has ____ this story wasn't completely true.

A. admitting that        B. was admitted that              C. admitted that          D. admit that

3. When I rang Tessa some time last week, she said she was busy ____ day. 

A. that                         B. the                          C. then                        D. this

4. I wonder ____ the tickets are on sale yet.

A. what                       B. when                       C. where                      D. whether

5. Mathew ____ Emma that her train was about to leave.

A. has reminded          B. has reminded that               C. reminded                D. reminded that

6. Hello, Jim. I didn't expect to see you today. Sophie said you ____ ill.

A. are                          B. were                        C. was                         D. should be

7. Ann ____ and left.

A. said goodbye to me            B. says goodbye to me            C. tell me goodbye         D. told me goodbye

8. I told you ____ to switch off the computer, didn't I?

A. don't                       B. not                          C. not to                      D. to not

9. Bill was slow, so I ____ hurry up.

A. tell him                   B. told him for            C. told to                     D. told him to

10. Sarah was driving too fast, so I ____ to slow down.

A. asked her                B. asked                      C. ask                          D. have asked her

11. You should use electric fans instead of air conditioners ____ they don't emit dangerous gases.

A. so                            B. but                          C. because                   D. although

12. Kevin told Phong ____ for many years.

A. plastic had been popular material for containers

B. plastic would be popular material for containers

C. plastic has been popular material for containers

D. plastic was popular material for containers

13. Kevin told Phong, ____ to our environment in several ways.

A. plastic may be very harmful                                   B. plastic had been very harmful

C. plastic is too harmful                                              D. plastic was very harmful

14. He ____ we could buy or make reusable bags and leave some bags in our bike for shopping.

A. said us                    B. says to us                C. told us                    D. told to us

15. My mother encouraged me ____ for recycling.

A. to collect                B. collecting                C. collect                     D. should collect

16. The campaign ____ things like water bottles and aluminum cans into new, useful objects like park benches, bikes, etc.

A. becomes                 B. recycles                   C. turns                       D. comes

17. Fish and poultry have a much lower impact ____ the environment, and other plant proteins are even less damaging ____ the planet.

A. on - to                     B. on - with                 C. x - for                     D. of - to

18. We get the energy we require for our everyday needs from many sources, but not all of them are ____.

A. ecological               B. economic                C. unharmed               D. eco-friendly

19. Burning garbage ____ dangerous gases to the environment, and this may lead to global warming.

A. emits                       B. throws                    C. sends                      D. rejects

20. Individually wrapped candy or chocolate causes a lot of trash, ____ fruits and vegetables are healthier and mean less waste.

A. because                   B. while                       C. so                            D. as

IV. Choose the correct words in the bracket to complete the sentences.

protection	depletion	pollution	erosion
destruction	deforestation	consumption	contamination

1. The ____ consumption ____ of fossil fuels has gradually increased in many countries which is concern for many environmentalists.

2. The increase in cases of skin cancer has been recorded in parallel with ozone layer ____ depletion __.

3. Intensive pesticide and fertilizer spays used in agriculture have resulted in the serious ___ pollution ___

of water, soil and air.

4. The ___ contamination ___ of this river has been proved by scientists to be caused by the dumping of untreated sewage.

5. Scientists are able to explain the consequences of habitat ____ destruction ___ now.

6. Every year about 15,000 acres of fertile topsoil are washed away in Haiti, which has resulted in massive soil _____ erosion _____.

7. The ___ protection ____ of the environment from threats such as deforestation, the extinction of rare species, pollution and natural resource depletion is one of the WWF's missions.

8. The ___ deforestation ____ caused during the 20^th century made the vegetation in this region, which has originally a vast forest refuge for innumerable species, disappear.

V. Complete the sentences using the correct words in brackets.

1. The energy consume / consumption of the community has increased since the new resort was built.

2. Over - exploitation of oil will lead to the depletion / deplete of this natural resources.

3. Aware / Awareness of environmental preservation should be raised in the public as well as in education.

4. We should protection / protect the limited or non-renewable natural resources for our future generations.

5. Water is one of the limited natural resources which can run out soon. All efforts should be made to preserve / preservation it.

6. Disposal of solid waste into the local river has been the cause of water pollute / pollution in this area.

VI. Choose the word in the box to complete the text.

aquatic	accumulated	catchment	pollutants	sustain
containing	discharged	rubbish	channels	insecticides

RIVER POLLUTION

River pollution occurs when (1) ____ pollutants ____ are not removed from sewage and are discharged into the river. River water is a very important source of freshwater required to (2) ___ sustain __ life. We need a constant supply of fresh water for drinking, cooking and washing. Animals living near the river, as well as fishes and (3) ____aquatic___ plants, also depend on clean river water.

When heavy rainfall occurs, pollutants (4) ____ accumulated ____ within the boundaries of the (5) ____ catchment ____ area may be washed into river (6) ____ channels ____. These pollutants include a variety of agrochemicals like fertilizers and (7) ____ insecticides ____.

Waste water (8) _____ containing ____ cleaning detergents, oil and other pollutants like industrial waste may be (9) _____ discharged ______ into the river channel through our drainage systems. Industrial waste may contain sulfur, resulting increasing the acidity of the river water. Sometimes, (10) ____ rubbish ___ such as plastic bags and bottles, are washed into the river channel.

VII. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.

There are many ways that (1) ____ helps the environment, and even the smallest step can have significant results.

The environmental problem of (2) ____ is a difficult issue to fix. As more waste is put into landfills, the bigger the problem gets. Wastes that are not biodegradable or are slow to decompose can (3) ____ in landfill sites for centuries, often emitting gases that could be harmful to the environment. Keeping paper out of landfills is just one way that recycling helps the environment.

Recycling items often uses less energy than manufacturing products from natural sources. Making paper that is using recycled pulp, (4) ____, is much less energy intensive than using new wood. While there are benefits to growing trees because of the carbon dioxide that they consume, it will be the damage (5) ____ is done to the environment by putting paper in landfills and using energy to produce new items.

Waste in landfills emit gases as it rots. This can pollute the environment. Anyone who has passed a landfill site (6) ____ hot weather will be familiar with the unpleasant smell and flies that can be found near a landfill site. Reducing the items in landfills will help to (7) ____ the pollution that it causes. Recycling wastes also typically emits less carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, thus reducing the carbon footprint of a product.

(8) ____ benefit of recycling is that there is often a significant cost saving to be made when using recycle goods. Recycling leaves and grass, for instance, is a great way to make compost. (9) ____ homemade compost is obviously a lot cheaper than buying compost and this is a useful way to save money. Saving money through recycling ultimately helps the environment.

Recycling is just one of many ways that we can help the environment. Every step that we take, however small, is one more towards helping and supporting the environment in which we live. Getting everyone involved, from children to adults, can help produce a better environment for many (10) ____ to come.

1. A. recycling             B. extinction               C. disappearance                     D. discharge

2. A. hills                     B. mountain                C. landfills                              D. landscapes

3. A. remain                B. effect                      C. cause                                   D. attack

4. A. so                        B. but                          C. although                             D. for instance

5. A. who                    B. which                      C. that                                     D. x

6. A. most                   B. during                     C. almost                                 D. nearly

7. A. last                      B. reduce                     C. increase                               D. stretch

8. A. Others                B. Other                      C. Another                              D. Further

9. A. Using                  B. Recycled                C. Concluded                          D. Made

10. A. houses              B. generations             C. places                                  D. trees

VIII. Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.

HOW TO STOP WATER POLLUTION

Water pollution is one of the biggest threats to the environment today. There are several sources of water pollution ranging from sewage and fertilizers to soil erosion. The impact of water pollution on wildlife and their natural habitats can be immense. There are also a number of things that the average person can do to help stop water pollution.

We should conserve the soil because soil conservation influences water pollution through erosion. As soil is eroded by water, it transfers sediment from the land to the body of water, which is polluted by the chemicals in the sediment. Phosphorus and industrial chemicals can be pulled into water through soil erosion. When phosphorus levels in water become too high, they can lead to algae blooms that can cause massive fish deaths and make water unsafe for human use. The best way to prevent soil erosion is to keep the banks of rivers well-covered with plants or trees. Planting trees can have a significantly positive impact on the reduction in soil erosion.

The oil used to lubricate engines in all types of machines needs to be changed regularly. When the oil is changed, it presents a number of environmental hazards if not disposed of properly. When a leaky engine releases this oil into the street, it runs to the sewer and makes its way into waterways.

Wherever you see a lot of human recreation, you will almost always see lots of evidence of human use. Wrappers, bottles and other trash are unfortunately a common site at many well-used beaches and rivers around the world. It should be fairly obvious that the trash from these places often ends up in waterways and can cause pollution. Plastics are an especially big issue when it comes to water contamination at beaches and waterways. Picking up litter wherever you find it is honestly the best, fastest way to do your part to stop this type of water pollution.

Organize cleaning parties with local people to make the reach larger. Get businesses involved as sponsors who will donate prizes to the person who collects the most trash if you're having a hard time finding people to sign up to help.

It is estimated that the consumption of plastic by humans is between 250 and 300 million tons a year. About 80% of the plastic in the oceans came from the land. Using alternatives to plastics or using “less disposable” plastics whenever possible can have a surprising impact on ocean pollution. The fact that plastic is cheap and useful for different purposes makes it obvious choices for many people.

1. Lubricants can cause environmental hazards when ____.

A. they may be found in the streets                            B. they engines work perfectly

C. they are not disposed properly                               D. they are changed regularly

2. The following are the effects of water pollution EXCEPT that ____.

A. it may make water unsafe for human use

B. it may spoil the beauty of beaches or waterways

C. it may cause massive fish deaths due to algae blooms

D. it may keep the banks of rivers well-covered with trees

3. Soil erosion can lead to water pollution because ____.

A. massive fish deaths will make the rivers unsafe for human use

B. soil can be eroded by rain water

C. soil erosion can occur naturally everywhere

D. chemicals in the sediment from the soil erosion will pollute water

4. In order to make beaches clean and green, we should ____.

A. follow the trash from these places which often ends up in waterways

B. find places with a lot of human recreation and of evidence of human use

C. organize campaigns in which prizes will be given to the business who collects the most trash

D. ask local people to take part in cleaning up the beaches, maybe with the sponsor from businesses

5. We can infer from the passage that ____.

A. using too much plastic can cause bad effects on ocean pollution

B. using plastics only causes ocean pollution

C. we don't know how to stop water pollution

D. alternatives to plastics or “less disposable” plastics can make the situation worse