UNIT 10

B. GRAMMAR REVIEW

I. CONDITIONALS

1. Type 0: Câu điều kiện diễn tả thói quen hoặc một sự thật hiển nhiên.

a. Habit (Thói quen)

If + simple present tense ..., + simple present tense ...

Ex: I usually walk to school if I have enough time.

b. Command (Mệnh Lệnh)

If + simple present tense ..., + command form of verb + ...

Ex: If you go to the Post Office, mail this letter for me.

Please call me if you hear anything from Jane.

2. Type 1: FUTURE POSSIBLE: Diễn tả một khả năng có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai

If S + V ( simple present), S + will/shall + V ( nguyên thể)

Ex: If I have time, I will go.

3. Type 2: PRESENT UNREAL: Diễn tả tình huống không có thật ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai

If + S + V(past subjunctive/ simple past), S + would/ could/ might + V

Ex: I don't win a lot of money, so I can't spend most of it travelling round the world.

→ If I won a lot of money, I could spend most of it travelling round the world.

4. Type 3: PAST UNREAL: Diễn tả tình huống không có thật ở quá khứ

If + S + had + Vp2 , S + would/ could/ might + have + Vp2

Ex: I didn't tell her any good news because I wasn't here early.

→ If I had been here earlier, I would have told her some good news.

5. Type 4: Câu điều kiện pha trộn:

Form 1: Type 3 và Type 2

If + S + had + Vp2, S + would/ could/ might + V

Ex: He isn't a rich man now because he didn't take my advice.

→ If he had taken my advice, he would be a rich man now.

Form 2: Type 2 và Type 3

If + S + V(past subjunctive/ simple past), S + would/ could/ might + have + Vp2

Ex: If I were him, I wouldn't have got married to her.

PART 2: EXERCISES

A. PHONETICS

I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.

1. A. weather B. hearty C. meadow D. breath

2. A. public B. scuba-diving C. understand D. culture

3. A. ruin B. fruit C. cruise D. juice

4. A. relax B. natural C. safari D. camping

5. A. biology B. biosphere C. biodiversity D. biogas

II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.

1. A. ecology B. minority C. historical D. favourable

2. A. energy B. destination C. understanding D. degradation

3. A. environment B. eco-friendly C. inorganic D. vegetation

4. A. ecology B. scuba-diving C. sustainable D. phenomenon

5. A. adventurous B. habitat C. sustainable D. traditional

6. A. preservation B. equality C. economic D. entertainment

B. VOCABUALRY AND GRAMMAR

I. Complete the sentences with a suitable word in the box.

recognized	stalactites	diversity	biodiversity
ecotourism	conservation	awareness	productive

1. The Central Highlands is also highly appreciated thanks to its high biological _____ diversity ______.

2. The Bach Ma area has long been famous for its rich _____ biodiversity _____ , and plant species richness within Bach Ma National Park is still high.

3. Son Doong Cave has been ______ recognized _____ as the largest natural cave in the world.

4. Phong Nha Cave has the longest underground river, the highest and longest cave, broadest and most beautiful fine sand beaches inside the caves, the most spectacular stalagmites and _____ stalactites ______.

5. Ecotourism is a form of travel that seeks to improve environmental ______ awareness ______, foster cultural respect, and benefit the economic development of local communities.

6. The Mekong Delta is one of the world's largest and most ______ productive _____ inland fisheries.

7. The most typical ______ ecotourism _____ activities are visits and studies in some national parks, adventurous activities in the mountain areas, and community-based ecotourism activities in the mountainous areas.

8. Researchers consider Phong Nha - Ke Bang to be of particular importance for bird ____ conservation ____.

II. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.

1. The birds (be) ___will be___ scared and (fly) ____fly____ away if the birdwatchers (make) ___make___ loud noises.

2. I (take) ___will take___ the laptop back to the shop if you (not know) ___don’know___ how to fix it.

3. John and Ann (feel) ___will feel____ disappointed if nobody (come) ____comes_____ to their party.

4. If I (need) ___need____ money to buy a dictionary, you (lend) ____will you lend____ me some?

5. I (be) ___will be____ surprised if you (fail) ____fail___ the exam. You're working so hard.

6. We (help) ___will help____ you to do the housework if we (have) _____have_____ time.

7. If you (throw) ____throw__ plastic bags into the sea, the fish (eat) ___may eat__ them and (die) ___die___.

8. You (cause) __will cause__ a forest fire if you (make) __make__ a campfire and then (leave) __leave__ it unattended.

III. Choose the correct word or phrasal to complete the sentences.

1. My parents might be sad if I fail/ will fail the exam.

2. If it doesn't rain, we would eat/ will eat in the garden.

3. You get/ will get a discount if you pay for the trip in advance.

4. We will not go/ go to school on time if the bus is late again.

5. I'm sure he calls/ will call you if he doesn't see you at the party.

6. If Alice leaf/ leaves for Ha Noi at 3 o'clock, she'll be there by 10.30.

7. You went/ can go out with your friends if you finish your homework before 7 o'clock.

8. If you pay/ will pay for an ecostour, part of your money will be used for wildlife protection.

IV. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

1. If I had a typewriter I _____would type_____ (type) it myself.

2. If I _____knew_____ (know) his address I'd give it to you.

3. He ____would look_____ (look) a lot better if he shaved more often.

4. If you _____played_____ (play) for lower stakes you wouldn't lose so much.

5. If he worked more slowly he ___wouldn’t make____ (not make) so many mistakes.

6. I shouldn't drink that wine if I ____were____ (be) you.

7. More tourists would come to this country if it _____had_____ (have) a better climate.

8. If I were sent to prison you ___would you visit___ (visit) me?

9. If someone ____gave___ (give) you a helicopter what would you do with it?

10. I ____would buy_____ (buy) shares in that company if I had some money.

V. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

1. If I had known that you were in hospital I ___would have visited___ (visit) you.

2. The ground was very soft. But for that, my horse ____would have won___ (win).

3. If you ____had arrived___ (arrive) ten minutes earlier you would have got a seat.

4. You would have seen my garden at its best if you _____had been______ (be) here last week.

5. But for his quickness I ___would have been___ (be) killed.

6. I shouldn't have believed it if I ___hadn’t seen____ (not see) it with my own eyes.

7. If he had slipped, he ____would have fallen_____ (fall) 500 metres.

8. If he had asked you, you ____would you have accepted_____ (accept)?

9. If I ____had had____ (had) a map I would have been all right.

10. If I ____had known_____- (know) that you were coming I'd have baked a cake.

VI. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.

1. The southeast area of Viet Nam has typical _____ecological______ systems with Cat Tien, Con Dao National Park, Can Gio Biosphere Reserve, which are characterized by high biological diversity.

2. Bac Lieu Bird Sanctuary Nature Reserve is a coastal rich and ___diversified____ salt forest floor with the natural salt-marsh ecosystem.

3. The wonder of Cao Son Eco-Lodge in Lao Cai is ____inspirational____ with mild weather, authentic culture of local hill tribes and spectacular landscapes.

4. The limestone forest ecosystem at Phong Nha - Ke Bang support a high diversity of plant and animal species, and it is of the greatest __conservation____ significance.

5. At an altitude of 178 meters, Ba Be is the only ___significant____ natural mountain lake in Viet Nam.

6. Ba Be Lake is unique among Vietnamese protected areas for the diversity of freshwater ____habitats_____.

7. The vegetation of Cuc Phuong National Park is ____dominated___ by limestone forest.

8. Cuc Phuong National Park ____supports_____ populations of several mammal species of conservation importance.

ECOLOGY

DIVERSE

INSPIRE

CONSERVE

SIGNIFICANCE

HABITANT

DOMINATION

SUPPORTIVE

VII. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

1. “Would you mind if we ____ you by your first name?” - “Not at all. Please call me Tom.”

A. called B. call C. calling D. want to call

2. She can't get home ____ she has no money.

A. unless B. if C. until D. without

3. If I had known your new address, we ____ to see you.

A. came B. will come C. would come D. would have come

4. If we took the 10:30 train, ____ too early.

A. we would arrive B. we should arrive C. we will arrive D. we may arrive

5. It's very crowded here. I wish there ____ so many people.

A. aren't B. weren't C. haven't been D. isn't

6. I wouldn't go there at night if I ____ you

A. am B. was C. were D. had been

7. If I ____ get a rode, I'll go fishing.

A. can B. could C. may D. might

8. If they had enough time, they ____ head south.

A. will B. can C. must D. might

9. If you ____ a choice, which country would you visit?

A. have B. had C. have had D. will have

10. Trees won't grow ____ there is enough water.

A. if B. when C. unless D. as

11. I have a test to take tomorrow morning. If I ____ free time, I ____ to Cuc Phuong National Park with you.

A. had - would go B. will have - will go C. have - will go D. had - went

12. Phong Nha Cave has been regarded by the British Cave Research Association as the top cave in the world ____ its four top records.

A. despite B. with C. due to D. because

13. ____ the decisive assistance of the villagers, we would not be able to facilitate the ecotour.

A. But B. Neither C. With D. Without

14. According to the weather forecast, it will be fine at the weekend. If the weather ____ fine, we ____ on camping at the weekend.

A. were - would go B. was – went C. is - will go D. will be - go

15. After lunch, we take a short talk to the elephant camp ____ you will enjoy an exciting elephant riding.

A. where B. what C. that D. when

16. You can climb up Mount McKinley, the highest peak in North America, to explore the rest of Denali National Park in Alaska, and view some ____ wildlife.

A. interested B. spectacular C. excited D. great

17. The vast wilderness of Alaska offers some unbelievable ecotourism opportunities, and one of the most ____ tourism industries in the USA.

A. sustainable B. natural C. safe D. environmental

18. Villagers can compete against the commercial fishing and timber companies who ____ the natural resources of the area, taking as much as they want.

A. deplete B. lower C. leave D. decrease

19. The Mekong Delta is an extraordinary place that ____ international tourists.

A. offers B. considers C. attracts D. persuades

20. The areas are very ____ for tourists who love to study and discover.

A. suitable B. available C. successful D. aware

C. READING

I. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage. Use only one word in each space.

working	middle	clouds	away	recognized
include	amazing	attractive	create	destination

Depart from Ha Noi and head for Highland of Ha Giang, it would be a long but fantastic trip. It is the zigzag mountain path that will make your journey unforgettable.

Meo Vac is exactly the next (1) ___ destination ___ that will take your breath (2) ___away___. You will totally be in the feeling of adventure, feeling of peace and feeling of full discovery. Starting your way of exploration, Meo Vac is the right place for you to check out some of 23 minority groups in Ha Giang, which (3) ___include___ Hmong, Tay, Nung tribes. The Nho Que River seems to be so tiny among big mountains. You can see here and there the locals in their colorful dresses, (4) ____working___ on the terraced fields.

Making the way north, you will arrive in Dong Van. The minibus creeps in the layers of (5) __clouds__ again, overwhelming you with loads of beautiful sceneries. Passing Heaven's Gate, Rock Plateau, which was (6) ___recognized___ by the UNESCO as a geological park, seems to appear before your eyes like a masterpiece of nature. Like other sites in Ha Giang, Dong Van is (7) ___attractive___ all year around, particularly, on Lunar New Year holiday when various cultures of minority groups are strongly and widely exposed. Besides, you will be able to witness the brilliant yellow paddy fields around August and September, which is in the (8) ___middle___ of the harvest season.

Up to Lung Cu, the (9) ____amazing____ beauty of rocky area will continue to captivate your soul. The Highest Flagpole of the North Viet Nam, Old Palace of Hmong King, Pho Bang Old Town are of your good choices here. They (10) _____create_____ the harmony between culture and history of the highland. Let's join in the local market, and we guarantee that you will have what you are looking for!

II. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.

Come “fly" over the Rainforest - We'll take your breath away!

Located in Cairns, Australia, Rainforest Flyway is a world leader in (1) ____. We take our guests on a breathtaking “flight over rainforest trees and straight into the heart of the rainforest for an unforgettable experience.

On the Flyway, you'll experience over 7.5 kilometers of living rainforests while learning about this spectacular place. Did you know that Australia's rainforests are home to over 3,000 different plant species? And (2) ____ of the trees here are more than 3,000 years old! After this visit you'll understand why it's so important to (3) ____ the rainforests. And you'll see that environmentally responsible travel can be fun, educational, and breathtaking.

Even if you're a world traveler, you've never experienced anything like the Rainforest Flyway. You'll start your unique journey above the (4) ____, as you “fly” in a comfortable gondola only a few meters above the trees. Sit back and enjoy the extraordinary (5) ____. You will be amazed at the breathtakingly rich and lush foliage. And rest assured, there was no damage done to the rainforest (6) ____ during the construction of your gondola. That's why the development of the Flyway took over 40 months to complete.

Your gondola will bring you down into the rainforest itself, where you follow a path to see, hear, and smell the rainforest environment from the ground. Free tours are available several times a day. (7) ____ guides can point out some unusual plants, provide you with interesting facts about rainforest ecology, and answer your questions.

Your Rainforest Flyway experience lasts 90 minutes and ends in the small town of Kuranda, just 25 kilometers northwest of Cairns. Here, you can continue your eco-tour with a visit to the protected areas that 2,000 tropical butterflies call home. You can also buy (8) ____ arts and crafts made by the people of Kuranda. And if that isn't enough, you can continue on to the (9) ____ reserve located a short 9 kilometers west of Kuranda to see animals from all parts of the world.

Rainforest Flyway has won numerous awards, including Travel Planet magazine's "Best Ecotourism Destination” Call or visit us online to make your (10) ____ reservations.

1. A. difference B. range C. ecotourism D. quality

2. A. some B. part C. type D. any

3. A. exist B. accommodate C. store D. preserve

4. A. flood B. rainforest C. forest D. jungle

5. A. appearance B. scenery C. photo D. present

6. A. ecology B. biology C. geography D. ecotourism

7. A. Tourism B. Tour C. Tourist D. Touring

8. A. beneficial B. right C. original D. negative

9. A. ecology B. ecotour C. ecotourist D. wildlife

10. A. protections B. reservations C. guides D. organizations

D. WRITING

I. Rewrite the conditional sentences for the following situations.

1. Phong doesn't have enough money so he can't travel abroad.

If Phong had enough money, he could travel abroad.

2. I don't drive too close to the animals on safari. They don't get scared.

If I drove too close to the animals on safari, they would get scared.

3. Tom doesn't have a passport. He can't travel abroad.

If Tom had a passport, he would travel abroad.

4. There are so many tourists visiting the national parks. The environment there is badly damaged.

If there weren’t so many tourists visiting the national parks, the environment there would not be badly damaged.

5. Tourists throw litter in the river. The water is polluted.

If tourists didn’t throw litter in the river, the water would not be polluted.

6. I can't swim, so I'm not going scuba - diving with you.

If I could swim, I would go scuba - diving with you.

7. I want to go on an eco-tour to Phu Quoc National Park, but I don't have any holiday.

If I had any holiday left, I would go on an eco-tour to Phu Quoc National Park.

8. These students do not work hard. They can't pass the exam.

If these students work hard, they would pass the exam.

II. Rewrite the conditional sentences for the following situations.

1. Hoa's got so much homework that she can't go out with her friends tonight.

If Hoa didn’t have so much homework, she would go out with her friends tonight.

2. Sue doesn't have Tony's email address. She can't send him a message.

If Sue had Tony’s email address, she could send him a message.

3. I could make a cake for you, but there aren't any eggs in the fridge now.

If there were eggs in the fridge now, I would make a cake for you.

4. Nancy doesn't live near the park. She can't go running there every morning.

If Nancy lived near the park, she would go running there every morning.

5. Nam can't swim. He is not allowed to go to the swimming pool alone.

If Nam could swim, he would go to the swimming pool alone.

6. I can't go to the concert because I have a lot of homework to do.

If I didn’t have too much homework to do, I could go to the concert.

7. Nam doesn't have a camera, so he can't take pictures of his trip.

If Nam had a camera, he could take pictures of his trip.

PART 3: TEST YOURSELF

I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.

1. A. conserve B. preserve C. reserve D. desert

2. A. mile B. militant C. smile D. kind

3. A. peace B. great C. treat D. meat

4. A. destruction B. sustainable C. status D. nature

5. A. device B. deplete C. exotic D. challenge

II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.

1. A. activity B. enjoyable C. economy D. difficulty

2. A. environment B. ecology C. intervention D. community

3. A. Vietnamese B. contribution C. conservation D. concentrate

4. A. alternative B. competitive C. conservative D. inexpensive

5. A. economical B. ecological C. environmental D. unavoidable

6. A. eliminate B. concentration C. eventually D. inhabitant

III. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

1. ____ she agreed, you would have done it.

A. If B. Had C. Should D. Would

2. If you ____ to be chosen for the job, you'll have to be experienced in the field.

A. want B. wanted C. had wanted D. wants

3. If the doctor had arrived sooner, the boy ____ saved.

A. might be B. have been C. was D. might have been

4. If there ____ enough water, the rice fields could have been more productive.

A. had been B. were C. would be D. are

5. The patient could not recover unless he ____ an operation. [undergo: pass through]

A. had undergone B. would undergo C. underwent D. was undergoing

6. If she ____ him, she would be very happy.

A. met B. will meet C. is meeting D. should meet

7. If he ____ a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this post.

A. had had B. had C. has D. has had

8. If I had enough money, I ____ abroad to improve my English.

A. will go B. would go C. should go D. should have to go

9. If it ____ convenient, let's go out for a drink tonight.

A. be B. is C. was D. were

10. If you ____ time, please write to me.

A. have B. had C. have had D. has

11. The gardens and islets near the Tien and Hau River are very attractive ecotourism ____ of the region.

A. views B. scenes C. sights D. destinations

12. The show Captain Bob's Adventure Children is available now. If children of all ages ____ it, they ____ part in an airboat ride and an interactive reptile show.

A. enjoyed - would take B. enjoyed – took C. enjoy - will take D. enjoys – take

13. If you ____ to Pak Ou Caves in Laos, you ____ thousands of Buddha images and statues which have been deposited here over centuries.

A. went - saw B. would go-saw C. go - see D. go - will see

14. Local people can't see the benefits of ecotourism in their region. If ecotourism ____ their lives by creating new job opportunities, they ____ a more active role in the conservation.

A. improved - would play B. improved - played C. improves - will play D. improves - play

15. If visitors ____ their holiday in Hawaii, they ____ in typical ecotourism activities, such as whale watching, kayaking, surfing, snorkelling, scuba diving, and boating.

A. spent - would participate B. would spend - would participate

C. spend - participate D. spend - will participate

16. We can help ____ the environment by using green and sustainable energy sources.

A. waste B. save C. keep D. enjoy

17. Ecotourism ____ are important to the overall sustainable energy sources.

A. drawings B. designs C. intentions D. plans

18. Texas is ____ to a number of eco-tour companies, and plenty of ranches and resorts.

A. home B. house C. accommodation D. building

19. Seattle is one of the most ____ cities in the US.

A. ecosystem B. eco-friendly C. ecology D. ecological

20. In Alaska, the ecotourism operators are designed to help minimise tourism ____, which may be more difficult to control as an independent traveler.

A. result B. impact C. action D. power

IV. Complete the sentences with a suitable word in the box.

camping	sustainable	environmental	ecotourism	ecological
impacts	ecology	exotic	habitat	destinations

1. I am very much interested learning more about _____ ecotourism _____ and its benefits.

2. Cutting down trees or hunting wild animals may upset the ____ ecological ______ balance of an area.

3. It was quite relaxing/ interesting to spend a week on a ____ camping ____ trip with friends in the open air.

4. A ____ sustainable _____ forest is a forest where trees that are cut are replanted and the wildlife is protected.

5. Mass tourism may cause ____ environmental ____ problems such as pollution, water shortages, or an increase of waste.

6. When you take part in an ecotourism, you learn more about the cultural traditions of the local people and the ____habitat____ of some rare animals

7. Top _____ destinations ___ for ecotourism are usually national parks, forests or rural areas.

8. There could be both positive and negative _____ impacts ____ of tourism activities on the environment.

9. Water pollution and scuba - diving activities can harm the _____ ecology _____ of the coral reefs.

10. We can find lots of different ______exotic______ flowers at the flower festival this year.

V. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed to make the sentence correct.

1. If someone came into the store, smile and say, “May I help you?" → comes

A B C D

2. If you try these cosmetics, you look five years younger. → will look

A B C D

3. If you do not understand what was written in the book, you could ask Mr. Pike. → can ask

A B C D

4. I will come to meet Mr. Pike and tell him about your problems if you didn't solve them yourself. → don’t solve

A B C D

5. Sam will not graduate unless he doesn't pass all the tests. → if

A B C D

6. If there isn't enough food, we couldn't continue our journey. → can’t continue

A B C D

7. Unless you pour oil on water, it will float. → If

A B C D

8. You have to take a taxi home if you want to leave now. → will have to

A B C D

9. If anyone will phone, tell them I'll be back at 11:00. → phones

A B C D

10. We can hire a minibus if there will be enough people. → there are

A B C D

VI. Choose the word in the box to complete the text.

positive	diversity	home	flooded	number
features	collected	provides	Although	ecotourism

Located only 40 km from downtown Ho Chi Minh City, Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve, with great historical and cultural traditions. Can Gio is uniquely valuable for its (1) ____ diversity ____ - 72 mangrove plant species, some of which are rare species listed in the Viet Nam Red List.

Recreational visits to Can Gio started in the mid-1990s as students drom the city came to visit the beach and see monkeys on the weekends.

There are three main tourist (2) ___ features ___ in Can Gio. The Forest Park is (3) ____home____ to a mischievous 600-member monkeys, a semi-natural crocodile pool, and a historical museum. Visitors enjoy walking under the cool mangrove branches and playing with the monkeys.

The Vam Sat site includes a bat sanctuary in the (4) __flooded__ area and a bird sanctuary containing over 10 species listed in the Red List. Vam Sat (5) ____ provides _____ visitors with basic knowledge of the ecosystem of mangrove fauna, and has therefore attracted a good (6) ____number____ of scientists and true eco-tourists.

The April 30th Beach is located in the transition zone near Can Gio Town. (7) ____Although____ the long beach is not of high quality, it is near the city and features cheap local seafood.

At the moment and in general, the impact of tourism on the local economy and society is (8) ___positive___. Some local community members have been their income increase and their living standards improve through employment in beach services. But (9) ____ ecotourism ___ in Can Gio is also having some negative impact on the environment and the community. With the number of visitors increasingly rapidly, beach pollution is becoming a problem. Waste is (10) ___ collected __ each morning, but for the rest of the day, rubbish from food and drink shops are thrown into the beach creating unhygienic conditions.

VII. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.

NAM CAT TIEN NATIONAL PARK

In the early morning of the first day, the guide will pick you up and transfer to Nam Cat Tien National Park, located on a low mountainous area of Dong Nai Province. Nam Cat Tien is an area which represents a special ecosystem of wet (1) ____ with biodiversity.

You will take a boat trip along the Dong Nai River to view the (2) ____ on the river banks. You can stop at the grassland area to search for peacocks, jungle fowl and birds that prefer a more open habitat. After that, you can continue to go to Kim Lan Village, once a French military camp and now the main village to the one ethnic (3) ____ of the park.

The song of birds will wake you up in the morning of the second day. You go hiking to the crocodile lake with plenty of (4) ____ to see many varieties of bird life and, if you are lucky, the chance of spotting larger mammals. The Siamese Crocodile is an endangered (5) ____ and this is one of the last remaining places in the world that you can still see them in the wild. In the evening, a walking tour along the track following the river through the botanical garden to Heaven Rapids, which provide you with good opportunities to see the birds and possibly the gibbon.

1. A. places B. varieties C. forests D. area

2. A. change B. variety C. diverse D. wildlife

3. A. inhabitants B. mammals C. plants D. habitats

4. A. occasion B. notes C. opportunities D. advantages

5. A. surfaces B. layers C. spots D. species

VIII. Choose the best answer.

As most potential ecotourist sites are inhabited by ethnic minorities, the principle of “encouraging community participation in ecotourism activities” should both create income and help maintain cultural identity. These communities have a deep understanding of traditional festivals, cultivation and land use customs, traditional lifestyle and handicrafts, and historical places. A trip to the limestone mountain of Cao Bang - Bac Kan, for example, is valuable not only for the Ba Be Lake, but for the opportunity to learn about cultivation customs, dying practices using endemic plants to produce brocading, and traditional handmade boats of precious timber collected in the forest.

Because ecotourism is important for environmental education, maintenance of indigenous culture, and local economic development, both investment and government encouragement are required.

One research shows that 90 percent of ecotourist guides lack environmental knowledge about the flora, fauna, and natural resources in the area, and 88 percent would benefit from ecotourism guidebooks written especially for them. An illustration of wasted potential caused by this lack of training is Ha Long Bay, a world heritage site with immense environmental value - coral reefs, limestone mountains, thousands of flora and fauna species of high biodiversity, and rich cultural identity. But tourists in Ha Long Bay are presently visiting only the Bay and some caves, not accessing environmental information or local cultural activities. In general, the full potential of ecotourism has not yet been reached.

International visitors to Viet Nam often like to visit ethnic minority villages to observe the culture, meet local people, and participate in traditional activities. The ethnic minorities who live in or near nature reserves maintain distinctive lifestyles, cultural identities, and traditional customs. These features are part of the real value of ecotourism. However, local people are not much involved in ecotourism.

In additional, local people still live in poverty, their life closely associates with natural resources. The economic benefits of ecotourism need to be shared with them, but this will not happen without community participation.

1. The word “distinctive” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ____.

A. close to nature B. easily understood

C. clearly different from others D. staying the same for a long time

2. In order to develop ecotourism, local communities should ____.

A. change their distinctive lifestyles B. share the economic benefits of ecotourism

C. depend on natural resources D. take part in all aspects of ecotourism

3. An ecotour to the region of ethnic minorities is very valuable because tourists ____.

A. can understand the aspects of cultures and traditions

B. can make a trip to the limestone mountain of Cao Bang - Bac Kan

C. can learn dying practices using endemic plants to produce brocading

D. can make traditional boats of precious timber collected in the forest

4. Ecotourism can bring all the following benefits EXCEPT ____.