UNIT 7

B. GRAMMAR REVIEW

I. INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A/AN

- An đứng trước 1 danh từ đếm được số ít bắt đầu bằng 1 nguyên âm (u, e, o, a, i).

- A đứng trước danh từ đếm được số ít bắt đầu là 1 phụ âm.

1. A/ An được dùng trước:

- Danh từ đếm được, số ít. *An: đứng trước nguyên âm hoặc “h” câm.	Ex: a doctor, a bag, an animal, an hour……… Ex: an aminal, an hour........
- Trong các cấu trúc: so + adj + a/an + noun such + a/an + noun as + adj + a/an + noun + as How + adj + a/an + noun + verb!	Ex: She is so pretty a girl. - It's such a beautiful picture. - She is as pretty a girl as her sister. - How beautiful a girl you are!
- Chỉ một người được đề cập qua tên.	Ex: A Mrs. Blue sent you this letter.
- Trước các danh từ trong ngữ đồng vị.	Ex: Nguyen Du, a great poet, wrote that novel.
- Trong các cụm từ chỉ số lượng.	Ex: a pair, a couple, a lot of, a little, a few, a large/great number of……..

2. A/ An không được dùng:

- ONE được sử dụng thay A/An để nhấn mạnh.	Ex: There is a book on the table, but *one* is not enough.
- Trước danh từ không đếm được.	Ex: *Coffee* is also a kind of drink.
- Trước các danh từ đếm được số nhiều.	Ex: *Dogs* are faithful animals.

II. DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE

1. THE được dùng trước:

- Những vật duy nhất.	Ex: the sun, the moon, the world....
- Các danh từ được xác nhận bởi cụm tính từ hoặc mệnh đề tính từ.	- The house *with green fence* is hers. - The man *that we met* has just come.
- Các danh từ được xác định qua ngữ cảnh hoặc được đề cập trước đó.	Ex: Finally, the writer killed himself. - I have a book and an eraser. The book is now on the table.
- Các danh từ chỉ sự giải trí.	Ex: the theater, the concert, the church
- Trước tên các tàu thuyền, máy bay.	Ex: The Titanic was a great ship.
- Các sông, biển, đại dương, dãy núi.	Ex: the Mekong River, the East Sea, the Pacific Ocean, the Himalayas
- Một nhóm các đảo hoặc quốc gia.	Ex: the Philippines, the United States.
- Tính từ dùng như danh từ tập hợp.	Ex: You should help the poor.
- Trong so sánh nhất.	Ex: Nam is the cleverest in his class.
- Tên người ở số nhiều (chỉ gia đình)	Ex: The Blacks, The Blues, the Nams
- Các danh từ đại diện cho 1 loài.	Ex: The cat is a lovely home pet.
- Các trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn.	Ex: in the morning, in the street, in the water.....
- Số thứ tự.	Ex: the first, the second, the third....
- Chuỗi thời gian hoặc không gian.	Ex: the next, the following, the last...

2. THE không dùng được:

- Trước các danh từ số nhiều nói chung.	Ex: They build *houses* near the hall.
- Danh từ trừu tượng, không đếm được.	Ex: *Independence* is a happy thing.
- Các danh từ chỉ màu sắc.	Ex: *Red* and *white* make pink.
- Các môn học.	Ex: *Math* is her worst subject.
- Các vật liệu, kim loại.	Ex: *Steel* is made from iron.
- Các tên nước, châu lục, thành phố.	Ex: *Ha Noi* is the capital of *Vietnam*.
- Các chức danh, tên người.	Ex: *President* Bill Clinton, Ba, *Nga*.
- Các bữa ăn, món ăn, thức ăn.	Ex: We have *rice* and *fish* for *dinner*.
- Các trò chơi, thể thao.	Ex: *Football* is a popular sport in Vietnam.
- Các loại bệnh tật.	Ex: *Cold* is a common disease.
- Ngôn ngữ, tiếng nói.	Ex: *English* is being used everywhere.
- Các kỳ nghỉ, lễ hội.	Ex: Tet, Christmas, Valentine...
- Các mũi đất (nhô ra biển, hồ, núi)	Ex: *Cape* Horn, *Lake* Than Tho, *Mount* Cam, *Mount* Rushmore..... But: the* Cape of Good Hope, *the* Great Lake, *the* Mount of Olive......

III. SO SÁNH

1. So sánh hơn

a. Short Adj/ Adv: là những từ có 1 âm tiết và những từ có 2 âm tiết kết thúc tận cùng là “y”: early, healthy, happy, pretty, dry, ....

Form:

S+ be/V + adj/ adv - er + than + O

Ex: She is fatter than her mother.

b. Long Adj/ Adv: là những từ có 2 âm tiết trở lên.

Form:

S + be/V + more + adj/ adv + than + O

Ex: He is more generous than his brother.

Note: Trước so sánh hơn có thể có “much”, “far”, “so”, “a little”, “a lot”, “a bit”

Ex: That car is far more expensive than that motorbike.

2. So sánh kém

Form:

S + be/V + less + adj/ adv/ noun + than + noun/pronoun

Ex: Their jobs allow them less freedom than ours do.

3. So sánh nhất

a. Short Adj/ Adv:

Form:

S + be/V + the adj/ adv - est + .........

Ex: Vinh is the tallest in our class.

b. Long Adj/ Adv:

Form:

S + be/V + the most adj/ adv + ........

Ex: Diep is the most attractive girl in their team.

Note: Một số Adj, Ady so sánh đặc biệt

Adj/ Adv

So sánh hơn

So sánh nhất

good/ well

bad/ badly

much/ many

little

better

worse

less

the best: tốt, giỏi

the worst: tồi tệ, kém

the most: nhiều

the least: ít

old

far

late

older

elder

farther

further

later

the oldest: cũ già

the eldest: anh, chị

the farthest: khoảng cách

the furthest: hơn, them

the latest: mới nhất

the last: cuối (thứ tự)

PART 2: EXERCISES

A. PHONETICS

I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.

1. A. pleasant B. health C. healthy D. breathe

2. A. come B. roll C. comb D. grow

3. A. fear B. realize C. pear D. near

4. A. inventor B. president C. adventure D. genetics

5. A. adopt B. front C. column D. borrow

II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.

1. A. recommend B. volunteer C. understand D. potential

2. A. study B. reply C. apply D. rely

3. A. suspicion B. telephone C. relation D. direction

4. A. reduction B. popular C. financial D. romantic

5. A. discover B. difficult C. invention D. important

B. VOCABUALRY AND GRAMMAR

I. Complete the sentences with A, An or The.

1. _____The_____ Vietnamese like to joke around, but their jokes are not easily translated into English.

2. Each person has ____a____ strong sense of regional cultural identity.

3. Henry was __a___ bit of ___a__ rebel when he was ___a___ teenager and dyed his hair pink, and he also rebelled his parents' plans for him and left school at ____the____ age of 16.

4. You may have __an__ object that you trust will bring you good luck, but many people object to that belief.

5. Relationships in ___the___ family are never to be broken and they are to be built up continuously.

6. They are also very friendly, easy-going and have ____an___ easy smile.

7. To show respect, many Vietnamese people bow their heads to ____a_____ superior or elder.

8. ____The____ Vietnamese have been described as energetic, sentimental, proud, and hardworking

9. ___The___ course allows students to progress at their own speed, and they are making much progress in awareness of cultural diversity.

10. There is ___an___ obvious contrast between _____the____ cultures of East and West; however, European cultures contrast with that of the USA.

II. Put the correct preposition for the sentences below.

1. Most Vietnamese people place more emphasis _____on_____ their duties ____in__ their family than their own desires.

2. _____At____ home, he should show respect ____to____ his parents, older brothers or sisters, and older relatives.

3. ___For___ some teenagers, when they rebel ___against___ their parents, they act as rebels.

4. If you really want ____to____ get to know ____about___ their culture, you need ____to___ go there to record their daily activities as well as festivals.

5. There are three ways ______by_____ which a man can acquire a good name: either ____by___ heroic deeds, ___by____ intellectual achievements, or _____by_____ moral virtue.

6. If you volunteer _____to_____ present about that cultural aspect, you will get a present ____from___ the teacher.

7. Rich people who are not educated are often looked ___down__ upon ___by___ other people.

8. He seems ___to___ have particular respect and admiration ____for____ learned people, and learning is considered more valuable than wealth and material success.

9. There is an increase ____in__ the number ___of___ Vietnamese women taking the roles ___of____ leaders ____in____ their organisations.

10. You need ___to____ perfect yourself ___in___ order to look ____for___ a perfect life partner.

III. Choose the correct words in brackets to complete the sentences.

1. In the past, the proposal and engagement ceremonies took place one or two years before / after the wedding.

2. There is a wedding proposal / reception for all guests after the wedding ceremony.

3. My cousin's marriage / wedding is next Sunday.

4. The groom / bride can have as many bridesmaids as she wants.

5. There will be about 100 grooms / guests at my cousin's wedding.

6. My brother got engaged / married to one of his friends from college and started saving for the big day.

7. On the wedding day, the best man is expected to help the groom / bride.

IV. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.

1. The parents of the groom go to the fortune teller to see what date and time is best for them to _____celebrate____ the wedding ceremony.

2. ___Traditionally___, the reception occurs at their houses, but now many families hold wedding parties at the restaurant.

3. American teenagers send an average of 60 text messages per day, making this an _____effective______ way in communication.

4. Consider that there are a good number of book ____publishers___ now putting their content online.

5. In order to integrate technology into the classroom, teachers should implement the BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) policy to make the ____learning____ process more relevant and effective.

6. Studies encourage mobile learning because students benefit greatly from more opportunities for ____academic____ development.

7. On that day, the groom's family and relatives visit the bride and her family with round lacquered boxes known as betrothal presents which are covered with red cloth and carried by ____unmarried_____ girls or boys.

8. The Intel programme tries to deliver the “four Cs” to grade-10 students: critical thinking, communication, collaboration, and ___creativity____.

9. Many digital textbooks are _____constantly_____ updated and often more vivid, helpful, creative, and a lot of cheaper than those old heavy books.

10. Then, the couple should pray in front of the altar to ask their ancestors for ____permission_____ for their marriage, then express their gratitude to both groom's and bride's parents for raising and protecting them.

CELEBRATION

TRADITION

EFFECT

PUBLISH

LEARN

ACADEMY

MARRY

CREATE

CONSTANT

PERMIT

V. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

1. To the Chinese, 8 is a lucky number, ____ the Vietnamese believe 9 brings luck, and the 1 and 8 of 18, adding up to 9, are considered success.

A. despite B. but C. while D. and

2. Many people believe that the first person who visits their home on the first day of the New Year will ____ their life.

A. change B. afford C. effect D. affect

3. That year, things were going a lot better for the Pilgrims, thanks to ____ help of Squanto and Samoset.

A. an B. the C. a D. x

4. In ____ Netherlands, singing at ____ dinner table means you are singing to ____ devil for your dinner – which means bad luck.

A. x - the - the B. the - the - a C. x - a - the D. the - the - the

5. In Spain, it is believes to be bad luck to enter ____ room with your left foot.

A. a B. an C. the D. x

6. Cultural diversity makes the United States a ____ interesting place in which to live for all of its inhabitants.

A. much better B. more C. many more D. much more

7. In every culture, there are basic standards for social ____ such as personal space distance, eye contact, amount of body language displayed in public.

A. reaction B. interaction C. relationship D. relation

8. They invited these friends and their families to ____ special meal. It was ____ first Thanksgiving dinner with turkey, fish, green beans, and soup.

A. a - a B. a - the C. a - x D. the - a

9. Today, Australia is one of ____ diverse countries in the world.

A. the more culturally B. the most culturally C. most cultural D. the most cultural

10. UN World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development on May 21^st is a chance to celebrate the cultural diversity of people around us, and find out more about what we have ____.

A. as usual B. as normal C. in common D. alike

C. READING

I. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage. Use only one word in each space.

range	cultures	first	added	contributed
benefited	dishes	developed	way	alive

Cultural diversity means a (1) ___range____ of different societies or people of different origins, religions and traditions all living and interacting together. Britain has (2) ___benefited____ from diversity throughout its long history and is currently one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world.

The food they eat, the music they listen to, and the clothes they wear have all been influenced by different (3) ____cultures_____ coming into Britain. Ethnic food, for example, is part of an average British diet. One of Britain's favourite (4) ____dishes____ is Indian curry. Britons have enjoyed curry for a surprisingly long time - the (5) _____first______ curry went on an English menu in 1773.

Even the English language (6) ____developed____ from the languages spoken by Anglo-Saxons, Scandinavian Vikings and Norman French invaders. New words were (7) _____added_____ from the languages of other immigrants over the years.

Valuing the diverse culture is all about understanding and respecting the beliefs of others and their (8) _____way_____ of life, as we would expect someone to respect ours. It is about supporting individuals in keeping their cultural traditions (9) _____alive_____ and appreciating the fact that all these different traditions will enrich British life both today and in the future.

People from all over the world have (10) ___contributed___ to the Britain and they continue to do so.

II. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.

VIETNAMESE WEDDING CUSTOMS

The wedding consists of several (1) _____ including asking permission to receive the bride, the procession to the groom's house, the ancestor ceremony, and the banquet party.

In the morning, the groom's mother and a few close relatives would walk to the bride's house with a present of betel to ask permission to receive the (2) ____ at her house. The date and time of the ceremony is usually determined by a Buddhist monk or fortune teller.

In the procession to receive the bride, the groom and his family often carry decorated lacquer boxes covered in red cloth to represent his (3) ____ and which include various (4) ____ for the bride's family. There are either 6 or 8 boxes, but never 7 because it is bad (5) ____.

After paying their (6) ____ to their ancestors, the bride and groom will serve tea to their parents who will then give them advice regarding (7) ____ and family. During the candle ceremony, the bride and groom's families union is celebrated and the mother-in-law of the bride will open the boxes filled with jewelry and dress her new daughter-in-law in the jewelry.

Finally, the groom officially asks for permission to take his new bride (8) ____ and they make their way back to his house. During the (9) ____, there is usually a 10-course meal and the bride and groom make their (10) ____ to each table to express their gratitude and also get money as presents.

1. A. asks B. ceremonies C. requests D. tells

2. A. bride B. regulations C. laws D. notes

3. A. condition B. culture C. relation D. wealth

4. A. beans B. boxes C. presents D. wars

5. A. bad B. fond C. luck D. interest

6. A. respects B. allows C. stops D. refuses

7. A. existence B. dead C. marriage D. divorce

8. A. flat B. home C. house D. apartment

9. A. acquaintance B. contribution C. difficulty D. reception

10. A. troubles B. problems C. ovals D. rounds

D. WRITING

I. Complete the sentences with a suitable comparative or supperative.

1. In my opinion, Spanish is (easy) _____the easiest_____ foreign language to learn.

2. Dogs are intelligent but not (intelligent) _____as intelligent as______ chimpanzees.

3. They say it's (good) _____better______ to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.

4. Even (carefully) _____the most carefully_____ prepared plans can go wrong.

5. England isn't (mountainous country) _____as mountainous country as______ Scotland.

6. Reykjavik is the world's (northern) _____northernest_____ capital city.

7. Your composition is full of mistakes because you didn't spend half (time) ____more time_____ on it ____than____ you should have!

8. Don't worry, you'll be OK with Gary, he's (careful driver) ____the most careful driver___ you could wish to have.

9. In the Alto Adige region of Italy, German dialect is spoken much (frequently) ____more frequently than___ Italian.

10. Sumo wrestlers must be (heavy) ____the heaviest____ athletes in the world.

II. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the superlative form of the adjectives given.

1. Russia is bigger than any other country in the world. (big)

Russia is the biggest country in the world.

2. Many people believe that no sea in the world is warmer than the Red Sea. (warm)

Many people believe that the Red Sea is the warmest in the world.

3. The Nile is longer than any other river in the world. (long)

The Nile is the longest river in the world.

4. No ocean in the world is deeper than the Pacific. (deep)

The Pacific is the deepest ocean in the world.

5. Mount Everest is higher than every mountain in the world. (high)

Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

PART 3: TEST YOURSELF

I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.

1. A. inventor B. lecture C. examine D. second

2. A. doctor B. provide C. adopt D. sponsor

3. A. biology B. invention C. discovery D. digestion

4. A. discovered B. studied C. invented D. entered

5. A. carry B. rabies C. cat D. battle

II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.

1. A. swallow B. survive C. digest D. finish

2. A. product B. satisfy C. pleasure D. however

3. A. happiness B. rewrite C. eject D. oblige

4. A. compare B. compose C. company D. consist

5. A. manage B. recognize C. argue D. discriminate

III. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

1. There are some things Americans would change, and ____ thing people would change is their education.

A. the biggest B. a big C. the D. a bigger

2. ____ people from England who went to live in North America nearly 400 years ago were called Pilgrims.

A. a B. x C. an D. the

3. In our tradition, when people mention "matter of betel and areca” they are talking about ____ issue.

A. unmarried B. married C. marry D. marriage

4. Cultural diversity makes our country ____ by making it a ____ place in which to live.

A. rich - more interesting B. richest - most interesting

C. richer - most interesting D. richer - more interesting

5. These people wanted to start ____ new life in ____ new country, but they faced a lot of difficulties because they didn't know anything about the new land.

A. a – a B. a – a C. a – the D. the – a

6. Nations where there is much cultural diversity can also sometimes be known as a ____.

A. multi-ethnic society B. multidimensional problem

C. multicultural society D. cultural uniformity

7. In Portugal, walking backwards will bring bad luck, because it paves ____ way for ____ devil to enter.

A. the - the B. a - the C. a - a D. the - a

8. The Pilgrims didn't know how to grow ____ food or build ____ homes, so a lot of them became very ill.

A. a - a B. X - X C. a - the D. the - a

9. To many ____ street vendors, the success of their day is determined by how it starts and by their first customer.

A. superstitiously B. supernatural C. superstition D. superstitious

10. In Russia, there is ____ belief that unmarried people should avoid sitting at ____ corner of ____ table because they will find difficulties finding their life partner and will not get married.

A. a - the - the B. the - the - the C. a - a - a D. a - a - the

11. On one spring day, ____ Pilgrims met two native Americans, Squanto and Samoset, who could speak English.

A. an B. the C. a D. x

12. One Chinese legend has it that the Jade Emperor asked for twelve representatives of the animal species on Earth to be brought to his ____ kingdom.

A. heavenly B. sky C. heaven D. space

13. Before the wedding, the groom usually asks his best friend to be his ____, and the bride may have one or more ____.

A. best man - bridesmaids B. best man - housemaids

C. closest man best maids D. good man - best maids

14. Squanto and Samoset became ____ friends with the Pilgrims and gave them a lot of ____ advice about how to grow food and build homes to make their lives easier.

A. a - a B. X - X C. a - the D. the - a

15. However, another version says the ____ of the 12 animals in the Chinese horoscope was decided thousands of years ago by Buddha, who called for a New Year's meeting of animals.

A. site B. pan C. order D. position

16. They had ____ food and ____ warm homes for the winter, so they wanted to say thank you to their native American friends.

A. a - a B. x - x C. a - the D. the - a

17. People from ____ cultures bring language skills, new ways of thinking, and creative solutions to difficult problems.

A. diversify B. diversification C. diverse D. diversity

18. No one knows the real origins of the Chinese ____ representing the cycles of the lunar year.

A. horoscope B. cycle C. stars D. space

IV. Fill in the gap with "a" or "the" to complete the passage.

(1) ___A___ wedding is the ceremony where (2) __a__ couple gets married. On their wedding day, (3) ____the___ bride and groom may exchange wedding gifts or rings. Before the wedding, the groom usually asks his brother, best friend or father to be his best man. (4) ___the__ best man helps the groom get ready for (5) ___the___ ceremony and makes sure nothing goes wrong at the wedding. The bride may have one or more bridesmaids. The bridesmaid keeps (6) __the___ bride calm, helps her get ready and looks after her dress. After the wedding ceremony, there is usually (7) ___a____ reception for the guests. Traditionally, the bride and groom go on their honeymoon immediately after (8) ___the____ wedding reception. Nowadays, (9) ___the__ majority of couples wait for a few days before they leave on honeymoon.

V. Choose the word in the box to complete the text.

sarcastic	private	majority	experiences	Additionally
upbringing	counterparts	cultural	punctuality	circumstances

While you may not think it at first, there are numerous (1) ____ cultural ____ difference between the US and the UK that you will likely encounter.

In general, Americans are much more open than Britons. Friends and even acquaintances discuss personal thoughts and opinions that might seem private in the UK. Do not feel embarrassed if an American asks you a seemingly (2) _____ private ______ question. He or she is most likely sincerely curious about your thoughts and feelings and is assuming you would like to share them.

You may learn more about your American friends than you wanted to know, or you may hear more childhood stories than you care to listen to. Americans will be interested in your (3) ____ experiences _____

and background as well since your (4) ____ upbringing ____ may differ greatly from theirs. In addition to more frequent discussion about their personal lives, there is often a greater display of photographs, and posters in dorm rooms or office spaces.

The sense of humour differs from one side of the Atlantic to the other. Americans tend to be less dry or (5) ______ sarcastic _____. Some Americans may feel offended if they do not understand your humour, but after a brief explanation they will be laughing along with you.

Americans tend to believe that individuals control their (6) ____ circumstances ____ how much they work. This work ethic is reflected in American attitudes towards academic. Don't be surprised if you meet students who spend a vast (7) ______ majority _____ of their free time studying in the library.

Americans also tend to care much more for punctuality than their UK (8) ____ counterparts ____. Everything from classes to a lunch date is expected to start right on time. Along with (9) ____ punctuality ____ most Americans move at a faster pace than that in the UK. For example, dinners at a restaurant, even a sit-down restaurant, can be finished in under a half-hour. (10) ___ Additionally ____ you will not have to ask for the bill. It will be brought to you as soon as it is clear to your waiter or waitress that you are finished ordering more items.

VI. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.

JAPANESE WEDDING CUSTOMS

The Japanese (1) ____ of “san-san-kudo”, the three-by-three exchange is rich with (2) ____. It is performed by the bride and groom and both sets of cups. The first 3 represent three couples, the bride and (3) ____, and their parents. The second 3 represent three human weaknesses: hatred, passion, and ignorance. “Ku” or 9 is a lucky number in Japanese cultural, and “do” means escape from the three weaknesses.

Another highlight of this ceremony is a rosary with 21 beads that represent the couple, their families and the Buddha all joined on one string to symbolize the (4) ____ of the families. Part of the ceremony involves honoring the parents with (5) ____ of flowers, a toast, or a letter expressing their (6) ____ and gratitude.

The crane is a symbol of longevity and prosperity and so 1,001 gold origami cranes are folded to bring (7) ____, good fortune, longevity, and peace to the marriage.

The bride traditionally wears two outfits: the shiro, which is a white kimono worn for the (8) ____ and the uchikake kimono which is a patterned brocade worn at the reception.

Plenty of courses are served during the reception, but never in a multiple of four because the number four sounds like the word for (9) ____ . Additionally, the different foods served all have special meanings, for example lobster might be several because red is a (10) ____ color or clams served with both shells symbolize the couple's union.

1. A. bride B. ritual C. law D. difference

2. A. meaning B. regulation C. multiple D. note

3. A. condition B. culture C. relation D. groom

4. A. location B. shell C. union D. gratitude

5. A. wraps B. proves C. offers D. improves

6. A. love B. make C. hate D. life

7. A. nervous B. sad C. luck D. bad

8. A. inclusion B. ceremony C. approach D. creation

9. A. life B. depth C. wedding D. death

10. A. trouble B. problem C. confliction D. lucky