1. Liên từ kết hợp (coordinating conjunctions)
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Dùng loại liên từ này để nối những các từ loại hoặc cụm từ/ nhóm
từ cùng một loại, hoặc những mệnh đề ngang hàng nhau
(tính từ với tính từ, danh từ vớidanh từ …)
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Gồm có: for, and, nor, but, or, yet
She is a good and loyal wife.
Use your credit cards frequently and you’ll soon find yourself deep in debt.
He is intelligent but very lazy.
She says she does not love me, yet I still love her.
We have to work hard, or we will fail the exam.
He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard.
That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.
Use your credit cards frequently and you’ll soon find yourself deep in debt.
He is intelligent but very lazy.
She says she does not love me, yet I still love her.
We have to work hard, or we will fail the exam.
He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard.
That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.
• Chú ý: khi dùng liên từ kết hợp để nối hai mệnh đề, chúng ta thêm dấu
phẩy saumệnh đề thứ nhất trước
liên từ
Ulysses wants to play
for UConn, but he has had trouble meeting the academic requirements.
2. Tương liên từ (correlative conjunctions)
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Một vài liên từ thường kết hợp với các từ khác để tạo thành các
tương liên từ. Chúng thường được sử dụng theo cặp để liên kết các cụm từ
hoặc mệnh đềcó chức năng tương
đương nhau về mặt ngữ pháp
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Gồm có: both . . . and…(vừa….vừa…), not only . . . but also…
(không chỉ…mà còn…), not . . . but, either . . . or (hoặc ..hoặc..), neither .
. . nor (không….cũng không…), whether . . . or , as . . . as, no sooner….
than…(vừa mới….thì…)
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Ví dụ:
They learn both English and French.
He drinks neither wine nor beer.
I like playing not only tennis but also football.
I don’t have either books or notebooks.
I can’t make up my mind whether to buy some new summer clothes now or wait until the prices go down.
3. Liên từ phụ thuộc (subordinating conjunctions)
He drinks neither wine nor beer.
I like playing not only tennis but also football.
I don’t have either books or notebooks.
I can’t make up my mind whether to buy some new summer clothes now or wait until the prices go down.
3. Liên từ phụ thuộc (subordinating conjunctions)
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Loại liên từ phụ thuộc nối kết các nhóm từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng
khác nhau – mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính
trong câu.
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Ví dụ như các liên từ sau và nghĩa kèm theo của chúng:
As
1. Bởi vì: As he is my
friend, I will help him.
2. Khi: We watched as the plane took off.
2. Khi: We watched as the plane took off.
After: sau khi
After the train left,
we went home.
Although/ though: mặc dù
Although it was after
midnight, we did not feel tired.
Before: trước khi
I arrived before the
stores were open.
Because: bởi vì
We had to wait,
because we arrived early.
For: bởi vì
He is happy, for he
enjoys his work.
If: nếu, giá như
If she is here, we
will see her.
Lest: sợ rằng
I watched closely, lest he make a mistake.
All will be well,
providing you are careful.
Since
1. Từ khi: I have been
here since the sun rose.
2. Bởi vì: Since you are here, you can help me.
2. Bởi vì: Since you are here, you can help me.
So/ so that
1. Bởi vậy: It was
raining, so we did not go out.
2. Để (= in order that): I am saving money so that I can buy a bicycle.
2. Để (= in order that): I am saving money so that I can buy a bicycle.
Supposing (= if)
Supposing that
happens, what will you do?
Than: so với
He is taller than you
are.
Unless: trừ khi
Unless he helps us, we
cannot succeed.
Until/ till: cho đến khi
I will wait until I
hear from you.
Whereas
1. Bởi vì: Whereas
this is a public building, it is open to everyone.
2. Trong khi (ngược lại): He is short, whereas you are tall.
2. Trong khi (ngược lại): He is short, whereas you are tall.
Whether: hay không
I do not know whether
she was invited.
While
1. Khi: While it was
snowing, we played cards.
2. Trong khi (ngược lại): He is rich, while his friend is poor.
3. Mặc dù: While I am not an expert, I will do my best.
2. Trong khi (ngược lại): He is rich, while his friend is poor.
3. Mặc dù: While I am not an expert, I will do my best.
As if /As though = in
a similar way
She talks as if she
knows everything.
It looks as though
there will be a storm.
As long as: miễn là
As long as we
cooperate, we can finish the work easily.
As soon as: ngay khi
Write to me as soon as
you can.
In case: Trong trường hợp…
Take a sweater in case
it gets cold.
Or else = otherwise: nếu không thì
Please be careful, or
else you may have an accident.
So as to = in order
to: để
I hurried so as to be
on time.
Chú ý: Ngoài liên từ, chúng ta có thể sử dụng các trạng từ liên kết như
therefore, otherwise, nevertheless, thus, hence, furthermore, consequently…
Ví dụ:
Ví dụ:
We wanted to arrive on
time; however, we were delayed by traffic.
I was nervous; therefore, I could not do my best.
We should consult them; otherwise, they may be upset.
I was nervous; therefore, I could not do my best.
We should consult them; otherwise, they may be upset.
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