Exercise 3: Read and put the headings into the correct paragraphs. (There is one extra)

1. Effect on health of humans 2. Effect on growth of plants      3. Decreased soil fertility

4. Toxic dust 5. Changes in temperature 6. Changes in soil structure

Effects of Soil Pollution

      1.  ............................................... : Considering how soil is the reason we are able to sustain ourselves, the contamination of it has major consequences on our health. Crops and plants grown on polluted soil absorb much of the pollution and then pass these on to us. This could explain the sudden surge in small and terminal illnesses.

      2.  ............................................... : The ecological balance of any system gets affected due to the widespread contamination of the soil. Most plants are unable to adapt when the chemistry of the soil changes so radically in a short period of time. Fungi and bacteria found in the soil that bind it together begin to decline, which creates an additional problem of soil erosion.

      3.  ............................................... : The toxic chemicals present in the soil can decrease soil fertility and therefore decrease in the soil yield. The contaminated soil is then used to produce fruits and vegetables which lacks quality nutrients and may contain some poisonous substance to cause serious health problems in people consuming them.

      4.  ............................................... : The emission of toxic and foul gases from landfills pollutes the environment and causes serious effects on health of some people. The unpleasant smell causes inconvenience to other people.

      5.  ............................................... : The death of many soil organisms (e.g. earthworms) in the soil can lead to alteration in soil structure. Apart from that, it could also force other predators to move to other places in search of food.

Exercise 4: Read and answer the questions.

Water pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels. It has been suggested that water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. An estimated 580 people in India die of water pollution related illness every day. About 90 percent of the water in the cities of China is polluted. As of 2007, half a billion Chinese had no access to safe drinking water. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, developed countries also continue to struggle with pollution problems. For example, in the most recent national report on water quality in the United States, 44 percent of assessed stream miles, 64 percent of assessed lake acres, and 30 percent of assessed bays and estuarine square miles were classified as polluted. The head of China’s national development agency said in 2007 that one quarter the length of China’s seven main rivers were so poisoned the water harmed the skin.

Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use, such as drinking water, or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water.

1. What is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases?

            ..............................................................................................................

2. How many people die every day by water pollution?

            ..............................................................................................................

3. How many percent of the water in the cities of China is polluted?

            ..............................................................................................................

4. What phenomena cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water?

            ..............................................................................................................

Exercise 7: Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown.

      1.  I didn’t have an umbrella with me so I got wet.

            I wouldn’t .............................................................................................

      2.  I’ll call the police if you don’t leave me alone.

            Unless ...................................................................................................

      3.  In the snowy weather we don’t go to school.

            If ...........................................................................................................

      4.  Without Jack’s help, I wouldn’t have been able to move this table.

            If ...........................................................................................................

      5.  You drink too much coffee, that’s why you can’t sleep.

            If you ....................................................................................................

      6.  Make me some coffee, and I’ll give you some sweets.

            If ...........................................................................................................

      7.  If you hadn’t told me about Sue’s hair, I wouldn’t have noticed her.

            Unless ...................................................................................................

      8.  If you see Peter, tell him he should be here at 8 00.

            Should ..................................................................................................

Exercise 8: Rewrite the following sentences starting with if.

      1.  He can’t go out because he has to study for his exam.

            If ...........................................................................................................

      2.  She is lazy so she can’t pass the exam.

            If ...........................................................................................................

      3.  He will pay me tonight; I will have enough money to buy a car.

            If ...........................................................................................................

      4.  He smokes too much; that’s why he can’t get rid of his cough.

            If ...........................................................................................................

      5.  She is very shy, so she doesn’t enjoy the party.

            If ...........................................................................................................

      6.  He doesn’t take any exercises. He is so unhealthy.

            If ...........................................................................................................

      7.  Study hard or you won’t pass the exam.

            If ...........................................................................................................

      8.  Don’t be impatient or you will make mistakes.

            If ...........................................................................................................

      9.  I didn’t eat lunch, I feel hungry now.

            If ...........................................................................................................

      10.            I don’t buy that book because I don’t have enough money.                    

            If ...........................................................................................................