1. Mấy lưu ý về câu điều kiện.
- Câu điều kiện gồm có
hai phần: Một phần nêu lên điều kiện và một phần còn lại nêu lên kết quả hay
được gọi là mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện và mệnh đề chỉ kết quả.
Ví dụ:
If it rains, I will
stay at home.
You will pass the exam
if you work hard.
- Hai mệnh đề trong câu
điều kiện có thể đổi chỗ được cho nhau
2. Các loại câu điều kiện.
* Loại 1: Điều kiện có
thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
Ví dụ: If I have enough money, I will buy a new car.
Cấu trúc: If + Thì hiện tại đơn, Thì tương lai đơn
* Loại 2: Điều kiện
không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai -ước muốn ở hiện tại. (Nhưng thực tế
khổng thể xảy ra được).
Ví dụ:
- If I had
millions of US dollars now, I would give you a half. ( I have some money only
now)
- If I were the
president, I would build more hospitals.
Cấu trúc: If + Thì quá khứ đơn, S + would/ Could/ Should + V
Chú ý: Ở câu điều kiện loại 2, trong vế “IF”, “to be” của
các ngôi chia giống nhau và là từ “were“, chứ không phải “was“.
* Loại 3: Điều kiện không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ – mang
tính ước muốn trong quá khứ. (nhưng thực tế khổng thể xảy ra được).
Ví dụ:
If they had had enough
money, they would have bought that villa.
If we had found him
earlier, we might/could saved his life.
Cấu trúc: If + thì quá khứ hoàn thành, S + would/ could/
should + have PII + O.
* Loại 4: Cấu trúc này dùng để
diễn tả một sự việc trái với Quá khứ dẫn đến một kết quả trái với hiện tại.
Ví dụ:
If I had been born in
town, I would like life there.
(the fact that I wasn’t born in town, so I don’t like life there now)
(the fact that I wasn’t born in town, so I don’t like life there now)
Cấu trúc: Clause 1 (would + V) if + Clause 2 (had + P2)
3. Các cách diễn đạt
khác của câu điều kiện
3.1. Loại 2
3.1. Loại 2
Ví dụ:
You help me everyday so I can finish my work.
→ But for your daily help, I couldn’t finish my work.
She encouraged him and he succeeded.
→Without her encouragement, he wouldn’t have succeeded.
The teacher explained and we understood.
→ Were it not for the teacher’s explanation, we wouldn’t have understood.
You help me everyday so I can finish my work.
→ But for your daily help, I couldn’t finish my work.
She encouraged him and he succeeded.
→Without her encouragement, he wouldn’t have succeeded.
The teacher explained and we understood.
→ Were it not for the teacher’s explanation, we wouldn’t have understood.
Cấu trúc: But for/ without/ were it not for + noun, S would/ could/
should + V
3.2. Loại 3
Ví dụ:
If he had n’t got my
book, he couldn’t have written well the thesis.
-> But for my book,
he couldn’t have written well the thesis.
If they hadn’t helped
me, I wouldn’t have finished that work.
-> Without their
help, I wouldn’t have finished that work.
It rained and we had
to cancel the match.
-> Had it not been
for the rain, we wouldn’t have cancelled the match.
4. Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện
3.1. Điều kiện loại I
• Nếu trong câu có
“should” ở mệnh đề “if“, thì đảo “should” lên đầu câu.
Ví dụ:
If he should ring , I
will tell him the news.
→ Should he ring, I will tell him the news.
→ Should he ring, I will tell him the news.
• Nếu trong câu không
có “should”, chúng ta phải mượn “should”
If he has free time,
he’ll play tennis.
→ Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis.
If she comes early, we’ll start.
→ Should she come early, we’ll start.
→ Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis.
If she comes early, we’ll start.
→ Should she come early, we’ll start.
3.2. Điệu kiện loại II
Ví dụ:
If I were a bird, I
would fly.
→ Were I a bird, I would fly.
They would answer me if they were here.
→ Were they here, they would answer me.
→ Were I a bird, I would fly.
They would answer me if they were here.
→ Were they here, they would answer me.
• Cấu trúc: Nếu trong câu có were ở
mệnh đề ” if “ thì đảo were lên đầu câu và bỏ ifđi.
Ví dụ:
If I learnt Russian, I
would read a Russian book.
→ Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book.
If they lived in Australia now, they would go swimming.
→ Were they to live in Australia now, they would go swimming.
→ Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book.
If they lived in Australia now, they would go swimming.
→ Were they to live in Australia now, they would go swimming.
• Nếu trong câu không
có động từ “were” thì mượn “were” và dùng “ to V”.
3.3. Điều kiện loại III
• Đảo trợ động từ của thì quá khứ hoàn thành.
• Đảo trợ động từ của thì quá khứ hoàn thành.
Ví dụ:
If it had rained
yesterday, we would have stayed at home.
→ Had it rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.
If he had trained hard, he would have won the match.
→ Had he trained hard, he would have won the match.
→ Had it rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.
If he had trained hard, he would have won the match.
→ Had he trained hard, he would have won the match.
Chú ý: Ở dạng phủ định, “not” được đặt sau chủ ngữ:
Ví dụ: Had it not been so late, we would have called you.
4. Cách dùng với unless
Lưu ý rằng “Unless”
cũng thường được dùng trong câu điều kiện, lúc đó “Unless = If ….. not”.
Ví dụ:
Unless we start at
once, we will be late = If we don’t start at once we will be late.
Unless you study hard,
you won’t pass the exams = If you don’t study hard, you won’t pass the exams.
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